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第43节

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speaking of the difficulty of introducing improvements in the arts

and manufactures; and of the prejudices entertained for old

practices; that; in Normandy; the farmers had been so long accustomed

to the use of plough's whose shares were made entirely of WOOD that

they could not be prevailed on to make trial of those with IRON; that

they considered them to be an idle and useless innovation on the

long…established practices of their ancestors; and that they carried

these prejudices so far as to force the government to issue an edict

on the subject。  And even to the last they were so obstinate in their

attachment to ploughshares of wood that a tumultuous opposition was

made to the enforcement of the edict; which for a short time

threatened a rebellion in the province。 PARKES; Chemical Essays;

4th Ed。 473。

 。。。'



It is; no doubt; natural that the ordinary class of workmen should

regard with prejudice; if not with hostility; the introduction of

machines calculated to place them at a disadvantage and to interfere

with their usual employments; for to poor and not very far…seeing men

the loss of daily bread is an appalling prospect。  But invention does

not stand still on that account。  Human brains WILL work。  Old tools

are improved and new ones invented; superseding existing methods of

production; though the weak and unskilled may occasionally be pushed

aside or even trodden under foot。  The consolation which remains is;

that while the few suffer; society as a whole is vastly benefitted by

the improved methods of production which are suggested; invented; and

perfected by the experience of successive generations。



The living race is the inheritor of the industry and skill of all

past times; and the civilization we enjoy is but the sum of the

useful effects of labour during the past centuries。  Nihil per saltum。

By slow and often painful steps Nature's secrets have been mastered。

Not an effort has been made but has had its influence。  For no human

labour is altogether lost; some remnant of useful effect surviving

for the benefit of the race; if not of the individual。  Even attempts

apparently useless have not really been so; but have served in some

way to advance man to higher knowledge; skill; or discipline。  〃The

loss of a position gained;〃 says Professor Thomson; 〃is an event

unknown in the history of man's struggle with the forces of inanimate

nature。〃  A single step won gives a firmer foothold for further

effort。  The man may die; but the race survives and continues the

work;to use the poet's simile; mounting on stepping…stones of dead

selves to higher selves。



Philarete Chasles; indeed; holds that it is the Human Race that is

your true inventor:  〃As if to unite all generations;〃 he says; 〃and

to show that man can only act efficiently by association with others;

it has been ordained that each inventor shall only interpret the

first word of the problem he sets himself to solve; and that every

great idea shall be the RESUME of the past at the same time that it

is the germ of the future。〃  And rarely does it happen that any

discovery or invention of importance is made by one man alone。  The

threads of inquiry are taken up and traced; one labourer succeeding

another; each tracing it a little further; often without apparent

result。  This goes on sometimes for centuries; until at length some

man; greater perhaps than his fellows; seeking to fulfil the needs of

his time; gathers the various threads together; treasures up the gain

of past successes and failures; and uses them as the means for some

solid achievement; Thus Newton discovered the law of gravitation; and

thus James Watt invented the steam…engine。  So also of the Locomotive;

of which Robert Stephenson said; 〃It has not been the invention of

any one man; but of a race of mechanical engineers。〃  Or; as Joseph

Bramah observed; in the preamble to his second Lock patent; 〃Among

the number of patents granted there are comparatively few which can

be called original so that it is difficult to say where the boundary

of one ends and where that of another begins。〃



The arts are indeed reared but slowly; and it was a wise observation

of Lord Bacon that we are too apt to pass those ladders by which they

have been reared; and reflect the whole merit on the last new

performer。  Thus; what is hailed as an original invention is often

found to be but the result of a long succession of trials and

experiments gradually following each other; which ought rather to be

considered as a continuous series of achievements of the human mind

than as the conquest of any single individual。  It has sometimes taken

centuries of experience to ascertain the value of a single fact in

its various bearings。  Like man himself; experience is feeble and

apparently purposeless in its infancy; but acquires maturity and

strength with age。  Experience; however; is not limited to a lifetime;

but is the stored…up wealth and power of our race。  Even amidst the

death of successive generations it is constantly advancing and

accumulating; exhibiting at the same time the weakness and the power;

the littleness and the greatness of our common humanity。  And not only

do we who live succeed to the actual results of our predecessors'

labours;to their works of learning and of art; their inventions and

discoveries; their tools and machines; their roads; bridges ; canals;

and railways;but to the inborn aptitudes of blood and brain which

they bequeath to us; to that 〃educability;〃 so to speak; which has

been won for us by the labours of many generations; and forms our

richest natural heritage。



The beginning of most inventions is very remote。  The first idea; born

within some unknown brain; passes thence into others; and at last

comes forth complete; after a parturition; it may be; of centuries。

One starts the idea; another developes it; and so on progressively

until at last it is elaborated and worked out in practice; but the

first not less than the last is entitled to his share in the merit of

the invention; were it only possible to measure and apportion it

duly。  Sometimes a great original mind strikes upon some new vein of

hidden power; and gives a powerful impulse to the inventive faculties

of man; which lasts through generations。  More frequently; however;

inventions are not entirely new; but modifications of contrivances

previously known; though to a few; and not yet brought into practical

use。  Glancing back over the history of mechanism; we occasionally see

an invention seemingly full born; when suddenly it drops out of

sight; and we hear no more of it for centuries。  It is taken up de

novo by some inventor; stimulated by the needs of his time; and

falling again upon the track; he recovers the old footmarks; follows

them up; and completes the work。



There is also such a thing as inventions being born before their time

the advanced mind of one generation projecting that which cannot be

executed for want of the requisite means; but in due process of time;

when mechanism has got abreast of the original idea; it is at length

carried out; and thus it is that modern inventors are enabled to

effect many objects which their predecessors had tried in vain to

accomplish。  As Louis Napoleon has said; 〃Inventions born before their

time must remain useless until the level of common intellects rises

to comprehend them。〃  For this reason; misfortune is often the lot of

the inventor before his time; though glory and profit may belong to

his successors。  Hence the gift of inventing not unfrequently involves

a yoke of sorrow。  Many of the greatest inventors have lived neglected

and died unrequited; before their merits could be recognised and

estimated。  Even if they succeed; they often raise up hosts of enemies

in the persons whose methods they propose to supersede。  Envy; malice;

and detraction meet them in all their forms; they are assailed by

combinations of rich and unscrupulous persons to wrest from them the

profits of their ingenuity; and last and worst of all; the successful

inventor often finds his claims to originality decried; and himself

branded as a copyist and a pirate。



Among the inventions born out of time; and before the world could

make adequate use of them; we can only find space to allude to a few;

though they are so many that one is almost disposed to accept the

words of Chaucer as true; that 〃There is nothing new but what has

once been old;〃 or; as another writer puts it; 〃There is nothing new

but what has before been known and forgotten;〃 or; in the words of

Solomon; 〃The thing that hath been is that which shall be; and there

is no new thing under the sun。〃  One of the most important of these is

the use of Steam; which was well known to the ancients; but though it

was used to grind drugs; to turn a spit; and to excite the wonder and

fear of the credulous; a long time elapsed before it became employed

as a useful mot

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