industrial biography-第43节
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speaking of the difficulty of introducing improvements in the arts
and manufactures; and of the prejudices entertained for old
practices; that; in Normandy; the farmers had been so long accustomed
to the use of plough's whose shares were made entirely of WOOD that
they could not be prevailed on to make trial of those with IRON; that
they considered them to be an idle and useless innovation on the
long…established practices of their ancestors; and that they carried
these prejudices so far as to force the government to issue an edict
on the subject。 And even to the last they were so obstinate in their
attachment to ploughshares of wood that a tumultuous opposition was
made to the enforcement of the edict; which for a short time
threatened a rebellion in the province。 PARKES; Chemical Essays;
4th Ed。 473。
。。。'
It is; no doubt; natural that the ordinary class of workmen should
regard with prejudice; if not with hostility; the introduction of
machines calculated to place them at a disadvantage and to interfere
with their usual employments; for to poor and not very far…seeing men
the loss of daily bread is an appalling prospect。 But invention does
not stand still on that account。 Human brains WILL work。 Old tools
are improved and new ones invented; superseding existing methods of
production; though the weak and unskilled may occasionally be pushed
aside or even trodden under foot。 The consolation which remains is;
that while the few suffer; society as a whole is vastly benefitted by
the improved methods of production which are suggested; invented; and
perfected by the experience of successive generations。
The living race is the inheritor of the industry and skill of all
past times; and the civilization we enjoy is but the sum of the
useful effects of labour during the past centuries。 Nihil per saltum。
By slow and often painful steps Nature's secrets have been mastered。
Not an effort has been made but has had its influence。 For no human
labour is altogether lost; some remnant of useful effect surviving
for the benefit of the race; if not of the individual。 Even attempts
apparently useless have not really been so; but have served in some
way to advance man to higher knowledge; skill; or discipline。 〃The
loss of a position gained;〃 says Professor Thomson; 〃is an event
unknown in the history of man's struggle with the forces of inanimate
nature。〃 A single step won gives a firmer foothold for further
effort。 The man may die; but the race survives and continues the
work;to use the poet's simile; mounting on stepping…stones of dead
selves to higher selves。
Philarete Chasles; indeed; holds that it is the Human Race that is
your true inventor: 〃As if to unite all generations;〃 he says; 〃and
to show that man can only act efficiently by association with others;
it has been ordained that each inventor shall only interpret the
first word of the problem he sets himself to solve; and that every
great idea shall be the RESUME of the past at the same time that it
is the germ of the future。〃 And rarely does it happen that any
discovery or invention of importance is made by one man alone。 The
threads of inquiry are taken up and traced; one labourer succeeding
another; each tracing it a little further; often without apparent
result。 This goes on sometimes for centuries; until at length some
man; greater perhaps than his fellows; seeking to fulfil the needs of
his time; gathers the various threads together; treasures up the gain
of past successes and failures; and uses them as the means for some
solid achievement; Thus Newton discovered the law of gravitation; and
thus James Watt invented the steam…engine。 So also of the Locomotive;
of which Robert Stephenson said; 〃It has not been the invention of
any one man; but of a race of mechanical engineers。〃 Or; as Joseph
Bramah observed; in the preamble to his second Lock patent; 〃Among
the number of patents granted there are comparatively few which can
be called original so that it is difficult to say where the boundary
of one ends and where that of another begins。〃
The arts are indeed reared but slowly; and it was a wise observation
of Lord Bacon that we are too apt to pass those ladders by which they
have been reared; and reflect the whole merit on the last new
performer。 Thus; what is hailed as an original invention is often
found to be but the result of a long succession of trials and
experiments gradually following each other; which ought rather to be
considered as a continuous series of achievements of the human mind
than as the conquest of any single individual。 It has sometimes taken
centuries of experience to ascertain the value of a single fact in
its various bearings。 Like man himself; experience is feeble and
apparently purposeless in its infancy; but acquires maturity and
strength with age。 Experience; however; is not limited to a lifetime;
but is the stored…up wealth and power of our race。 Even amidst the
death of successive generations it is constantly advancing and
accumulating; exhibiting at the same time the weakness and the power;
the littleness and the greatness of our common humanity。 And not only
do we who live succeed to the actual results of our predecessors'
labours;to their works of learning and of art; their inventions and
discoveries; their tools and machines; their roads; bridges ; canals;
and railways;but to the inborn aptitudes of blood and brain which
they bequeath to us; to that 〃educability;〃 so to speak; which has
been won for us by the labours of many generations; and forms our
richest natural heritage。
The beginning of most inventions is very remote。 The first idea; born
within some unknown brain; passes thence into others; and at last
comes forth complete; after a parturition; it may be; of centuries。
One starts the idea; another developes it; and so on progressively
until at last it is elaborated and worked out in practice; but the
first not less than the last is entitled to his share in the merit of
the invention; were it only possible to measure and apportion it
duly。 Sometimes a great original mind strikes upon some new vein of
hidden power; and gives a powerful impulse to the inventive faculties
of man; which lasts through generations。 More frequently; however;
inventions are not entirely new; but modifications of contrivances
previously known; though to a few; and not yet brought into practical
use。 Glancing back over the history of mechanism; we occasionally see
an invention seemingly full born; when suddenly it drops out of
sight; and we hear no more of it for centuries。 It is taken up de
novo by some inventor; stimulated by the needs of his time; and
falling again upon the track; he recovers the old footmarks; follows
them up; and completes the work。
There is also such a thing as inventions being born before their time
the advanced mind of one generation projecting that which cannot be
executed for want of the requisite means; but in due process of time;
when mechanism has got abreast of the original idea; it is at length
carried out; and thus it is that modern inventors are enabled to
effect many objects which their predecessors had tried in vain to
accomplish。 As Louis Napoleon has said; 〃Inventions born before their
time must remain useless until the level of common intellects rises
to comprehend them。〃 For this reason; misfortune is often the lot of
the inventor before his time; though glory and profit may belong to
his successors。 Hence the gift of inventing not unfrequently involves
a yoke of sorrow。 Many of the greatest inventors have lived neglected
and died unrequited; before their merits could be recognised and
estimated。 Even if they succeed; they often raise up hosts of enemies
in the persons whose methods they propose to supersede。 Envy; malice;
and detraction meet them in all their forms; they are assailed by
combinations of rich and unscrupulous persons to wrest from them the
profits of their ingenuity; and last and worst of all; the successful
inventor often finds his claims to originality decried; and himself
branded as a copyist and a pirate。
Among the inventions born out of time; and before the world could
make adequate use of them; we can only find space to allude to a few;
though they are so many that one is almost disposed to accept the
words of Chaucer as true; that 〃There is nothing new but what has
once been old;〃 or; as another writer puts it; 〃There is nothing new
but what has before been known and forgotten;〃 or; in the words of
Solomon; 〃The thing that hath been is that which shall be; and there
is no new thing under the sun。〃 One of the most important of these is
the use of Steam; which was well known to the ancients; but though it
was used to grind drugs; to turn a spit; and to excite the wonder and
fear of the credulous; a long time elapsed before it became employed
as a useful mot