wealbk02-第24节

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it　can　be　fit　for　use　and　consumption；　it　either　would　never　be

produced；　because　there　could　be　no　demand　for　it；　or　if　it　was

produced　spontaneously；　it　would　be　of　no　value　in　exchange；　and

could　add　nothing　to　the　wealth　of　the　society。

　　　　　Unless　a　capital　was　employed　in　transporting　either　the

rude　or　manufactured　produce　from　the　places　where　it　abounds　to

those　where　it　is　wanted；　no　more　of　either　could　be　produced

than　was　necessary　for　the　consumption　of　the　neighbourhood。　The

capital　of　the　merchant　exchanges　the　surplus　produce　of　one

place　for　that　of　another；　and　thus　encourages　the　industry　and

increases　the　enjoyments　of　both。

　　　　　Unless　a　capital　was　employed　in　breaking　and　dividing

certain　portions　either　of　the　rude　or　manufactured　produce　into

such　small　parcels　as　suit　the　occasional　demands　of　those　who

want　them；　every　man　would　be　obliged　to　purchase　a　greater

quantity　of　the　goods　he　wanted　than　his　immediate　occasions

required。　If　there　was　no　such　trade　as　a　butcher；　for　example；

every　man　would　be　obliged　to　purchase　a　whole　ox　or　a　whole

sheep　at　a　time。　This　would　generally　be　inconvenient　to　the

rich；　and　much　more　so　to　the　poor。　If　a　poor　workman　was　obliged

to　purchase　a　month's　or　six　months'　provisions　at　a　time；　a

great　part　of　the　stock　which　he　employs　as　a　capital　in　the

instruments　of　his　trade；　or　in　the　furniture　of　his　shop；　and

which　yields　him　a　revenue。　he　would　be　forced　to　place　in　that

part　of　his　stock　which　is　reserved　for　immediate　consumption；

and　which　yields　him　no　revenue。　Nothing　can　be　more　convenient

for　such　a　person　than　to　be　able　to　purchase　his　subsistence

from　day　to　day；　or　even　from　hour　to　hour；　as　he　wants　it。　He　is

thereby　enabled　to　employ　almost　his　whole　stock　as　a　capital。　He

is　thus　enabled　to　furnish　work　to　a　greater　value；　and　the

profit；　which　he　makes　by　it　in　this　way；　much　more　than

compensates　the　additional　price　which　the　profit　of　the　retailer

imposes　upon　the　goods。　The　prejudices　of　some　political　writers

against　shopkeepers　and　tradesmen　are　altogether　without

foundation。　So　far　is　it　from　being　necessary　either　to　tax　them

or　to　restrict　their　numbers　that　they　can　never　be　multiplied　so

as　to　hurt　the　public；　though　they　may　so　as　to　hurt　one　another。

The　quantity　of　grocery　goods；　for　example；　which　can　be　sold　in

a　particular　town　is　limited　by　the　demand　of　that　town　and　its

neighbourhood。　The　capital；　therefore；　which　can　be　employed　in

the　grocery　trade　cannot　exceed　what　is　sufficient　to　purchase

that　quantity。　If　this　capital　is　divided　between　two　different

grocers；　their　competition　will　tend　to　make　both　of　them　sell

cheaper　than　if　it　were　in　the　hands　of　one　only；　and　if　it　were

divided　among　twenty；　their　competition　would　be　just　so　much　the

greater；　and　the　chance　of　their　combining　together；　in　order　to

raise　the　price；　just　so　much　the　less。　Their　competition　might

perhaps　ruin　some　of　themselves；　but　to　take　care　of　this　is　the

business　of　the　parties　concerned；　and　it　may　safely　be　trusted

to　their　discretion。　It　can　never　hurt　either　the　consumer　or　the

producer；　on　the　contrary；　it　must　tend　to　make　the　retailers

both　sell　cheaper　and　buy　dearer　than　if　the　whole　trade　was

monopolized　by　one　or　two　persons。　Some　of　them；　perhaps；　may

sometimes　decoy　a　weak　customer　to　buy　what　he　has　no　occasion

for。　This　evil；　however；　is　of　too　little　importance　to　deserve

the　public　attention；　nor　would　it　necessarily　be　prevented　by

restricting　their　numbers。　It　is　not　the　multitude　of　ale…houses；

to　give　the　most　suspicious　example；　that　occasions　a　general

disposition　to　drunkenness　among　the　common　people；　but　that

disposition　arising　from　other　causes　necessarily　gives

employment　to　a　multitude　of　ale…houses。

　　　　　The　persons　whose　capitals　are　employed　in　any　of　those　four

ways　are　themselves　productive　labourers。　Their　labour；　when

properly　directed；　fixes　and　realizes　itself　in　the　subject　or

vendible　commodity　upon　which　it　is　bestowed；　and　generally　adds

to　its　price　the　value　at　least　of　their　own　maintenance　and

consumption。　The　profits　of　the　farmer；　of　the　manufacturer；　of

the　merchant；　and　retailer；　are　all　drawn　from　the　price　of　the

goods　which　the　two　first　produce；　and　the　two　last　buy　and　sell。

Equal　capitals；　however；　employed　in　each　of　those　four　different

ways；　will　immediately　put　into　motion　very　different　quantities

of　productive　labour；　and　augment；　too；　in　very　different

proportions　the　value　of　the　annual　produce　of　the　land　and

labour　of　the　society　to　which　they　belong。

　　　　　The　capital　of　the　retailer　replaces；　together　with　its

profits；　that　of　the　merchant　of　whom　he　purchases　goods；　and

thereby　enables　him　to　continue　his　business。　The　retailer

himself　is　the　only　productive　labourer　whom　it　immediately

employs。　In　his　profits　consists　the　whole　value　which　its

employment　adds　to　the　annual　produce　of　the　land　and　labour　of

the　society。

　　　　　The　capital　of　the　wholesale　merchant　replaces；　together

with　their　profits；　the　capitals　of　the　farmers　and　manufacturers

of　whom　he　purchases　the　rude　and　manufactured　produce　which　he

deals　in；　and　thereby　enables　them　to　continue　their　respective

trades。　It　is　by　this　service　chiefly　that　he　contributes

indirectly　to　support　the　productive　labour　of　the　society；　and

to　increase　the　value　of　its　annual　produce。　His　capital　employs；

too；　the　sailors　and　carriers　who　transport　his　goods　from　one

place　to　another；　and　it　augments　the　price　of　those　goods　by　the

value；　not　only　of　his　profits；　but　of　their　wages。　This　is　all

the　productive　labour　which　it　immediately　puts　into　motion；　and

all　the　value　which　it　immediately　adds　to　the　annual　produce。

Its　operation　in　both　these　respects　is　a　good　deal　superior　to

that　of　the　capital　of　the　retailer。

　　　　　Part　of　the　capital　of　the　master　manufacturer　is　employed

as　a　fixed　capital　in　the　instruments　of　his　trade；　and　replaces；

together　with　its　profits；　that　of　some　other　artificer　of　whom

he　purchases　them。　Part　of　his　circulating　capital　is　employed　in

purchasing　materials；　and　replaces；　with　their　profits；　the

capitals　of　the　farmers　and　miners　of　whom　he　purchases　them。　But

a　great　part　of　it　is　always；　either　annually；　or　in　a　much

shorter　period；　distributed　among　the　different　workmen　whom　he

employs。　It　augments　the　value　of　those　materials　by　their　wages；

and　by　their　matters'　profits　upon　the　whole　stock　of　wages；

materials；　and　instruments　of　trade　employed　in　the　business。　It

puts　immediately　into　motion；　therefore；　a　much　greater　quantity

of　productive　labour；　and　adds　a　much　greater　value　to　the　annual

produce　of　the　land　and　labour　of　the　society　than　an　equal

capital　in　the　hands　of　any　wholesale　merchant。

　　　　　No　equal　capital　puts　into　motion　a　greater　quantity　of

productive　labour　than　that　of　the　farmer。　Not　only　his　labouring

servants；　but　his　labouring　cattle；　are　productive　labourers。　In

agriculture；　too；　nature　labours　along　with　man；　and　though　her

labour　costs　no　expense；　its　produce　has　its　value；　as　well　as

that　of　the　most　expensive　workmen。　The　most　important　operations

of　agriculture　seem　intended　not　so　much　to　increase；　though　they

do　that　too；　as　to　direct　the　fertility　of　nature　towards　the

production　of　the　plants　most　profitable　to　man。　A　field

overgrown　with　briars　and　brambles　may　frequently　produce　as

great　a　quantity　of　vegetables　as　the　best　cultivated　vineyard　or

corn　field。　Planting　and　tillage　frequently　regulate　more　than

they　animate　the　active　fertility　of　nature；　and　after　all　their

labour；　a　great　part　of　the　work　always　remains　to　be　done　by

her。　The　labourers　and　labouring　cattle；　therefore；　employed　in

agriculture；　not　only　occasion；　like　the　workmen　in　manufactures；

the　reproduction　of　a　value　equal　to　their　own　consumption；　or　to

the　capital　which　employs　them；　together　with　its　owners'

profits；　but　of　a　much　greater　value。　Over　and　above　the　capital

of　the　farmer　and　all　its　profits；　they　regularly　occasion　the

reproduction　of　the　rent　of　the　landlord。　This　rent　may　be

considered　as　the　produce　of　those　powers　of　nature；　the　use　of

which　the　landlord　lends　to　the　farmer。　It　is　greater　or　smaller

according　to　the　supposed　extent　of　those　powers；　or　in　other

words；　according　to　the　supposed　natural　or　improved　fertility　of

the　land。　It　is　the　work　of　nature　which　remains　after　deducting

or　compensating　everything　which　can　be　regarded　as　the　work　of

man。　It　is　seldom　less　than　a　fourth；　and　frequently　more　than　a

third　of　the　whole　produce。　No　equal　quantity　of　productive

labour　employed　in　manufactures　can　ever　occasion　so　great　a

reproduction。　In　them　nature　does　nothing；　man　does　all；　and　the

reproduction　must　always　be　in　proportion　to　the　strength　of　the

agents　that　occasion　it。　The　capital　employed　in　agriculture；

therefore；　not　only　puts　into　motion　a　greater　quantity　of

productive　labour　than　any　equal　capital　employed　in

manufactures；　but　in　proportion；　too；　to　the　qua