Ì«×ÓүС˵Íø > Ó¢Óïµç×ÓÊé > the prince(Íõ×Ó) >

µÚ25½Ú

the prince(Íõ×Ó)-µÚ25½Ú

С˵£º the prince(Íõ×Ó) ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡




rewarding¡¡or¡¡punishing¡¡him£»¡¡which¡¡would¡¡be¡¡much¡¡spoken¡¡about¡£¡¡And¡¡a¡¡

prince¡¡ought£»¡¡above¡¡all¡¡things£»¡¡always¡¡endeavour¡¡in¡¡every¡¡action¡¡to¡¡gain¡¡

for¡¡himself¡¡the¡¡reputation¡¡of¡¡being¡¡a¡¡great¡¡and¡¡remarkable¡¡man¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡¡¡¡¡prince¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡also¡¡¡¡respected¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡when¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡either¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡true¡¡¡¡friend¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡89¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡90¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡Prince¡¡



downright¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡enemy£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡say£»¡¡¡¡¡¡when£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡without¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡any¡¡¡¡¡¡reservation£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡

declares¡¡himself¡¡in¡¡favour¡¡of¡¡one¡¡party¡¡against¡¡the¡¡other£»¡¡which¡¡course¡¡will¡¡

always¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡advantageous¡¡¡¡¡¡than¡¡¡¡¡¡standing¡¡¡¡¡¡neutral£»¡¡¡¡¡¡because¡¡¡¡¡¡if¡¡¡¡¡¡two¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

your¡¡powerful¡¡neighbours¡¡come¡¡to¡¡blows£»¡¡they¡¡are¡¡of¡¡such¡¡a¡¡character¡¡that£»¡¡

if¡¡one¡¡of¡¡them¡¡conquers£»¡¡you¡¡have¡¡either¡¡to¡¡fear¡¡him¡¡or¡¡not¡£¡¡In¡¡either¡¡case¡¡

it¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡always¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡advantageous¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡you¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡declare¡¡¡¡¡¡yourself¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡

make¡¡¡¡¡¡war¡¡¡¡¡¡strenuously£»¡¡¡¡¡¡because£»¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡first¡¡¡¡¡¡case£»¡¡¡¡¡¡if¡¡¡¡¡¡you¡¡¡¡¡¡do¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡declare¡¡

yourself£»¡¡you¡¡will¡¡invariably¡¡fall¡¡a¡¡prey¡¡to¡¡the¡¡conqueror£»¡¡to¡¡the¡¡pleasure¡¡

and¡¡¡¡¡¡satisfaction¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡him¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡conquered£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡you¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡

reasons¡¡to¡¡offer£»¡¡nor¡¡anything¡¡to¡¡protect¡¡or¡¡to¡¡shelter¡¡you¡£¡¡Because¡¡he¡¡who¡¡

conquers¡¡does¡¡not¡¡want¡¡doubtful¡¡friends¡¡who¡¡will¡¡not¡¡aid¡¡him¡¡in¡¡the¡¡time¡¡

of¡¡¡¡¡¡trial£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡loses¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡harbour¡¡¡¡¡¡you¡¡¡¡¡¡because¡¡¡¡¡¡you¡¡¡¡¡¡did¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡

willingly£»¡¡sword¡¡in¡¡hand£»¡¡court¡¡his¡¡fate¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Antiochus¡¡went¡¡into¡¡Greece£»¡¡being¡¡sent¡¡for¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Aetolians¡¡to¡¡drive¡¡

out¡¡the¡¡Romans¡£¡¡He¡¡sent¡¡envoys¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Achaeans£»¡¡who¡¡were¡¡friends¡¡of¡¡the¡¡

Romans£»¡¡¡¡¡¡exhorting¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡remain¡¡¡¡¡¡neutral£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡other¡¡¡¡¡¡hand¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

Romans¡¡urged¡¡them¡¡to¡¡take¡¡up¡¡arms¡£¡¡This¡¡question¡¡came¡¡to¡¡be¡¡discussed¡¡

in¡¡the¡¡council¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Achaeans£»¡¡where¡¡the¡¡legate¡¡of¡¡Antiochus¡¡urged¡¡them¡¡

to¡¡stand¡¡neutral¡£¡¡To¡¡this¡¡the¡¡Roman¡¡legate¡¡answered£º¡¡¡¨As¡¡for¡¡that¡¡which¡¡

has¡¡been¡¡said£»¡¡that¡¡it¡¡is¡¡better¡¡and¡¡more¡¡advantageous¡¡for¡¡your¡¡state¡¡not¡¡to¡¡

interfere¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡our¡¡¡¡war£»¡¡¡¡¡¡nothing¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡can¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡erroneous£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡because¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡

interfering¡¡you¡¡will¡¡be¡¡left£»¡¡without¡¡favour¡¡or¡¡consideration£»¡¡the¡¡guerdon¡¡

of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡conqueror¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡Thus¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡always¡¡¡¡¡¡happen¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡your¡¡

friend¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡demand¡¡¡¡¡¡your¡¡¡¡¡¡neutrality£»¡¡¡¡¡¡whilst¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡your¡¡¡¡¡¡friend¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡

entreat¡¡you¡¡to¡¡declare¡¡yourself¡¡with¡¡arms¡£¡¡And¡¡irresolute¡¡princes£»¡¡to¡¡avoid¡¡

present¡¡dangers£»¡¡generally¡¡follow¡¡the¡¡neutral¡¡path£»¡¡and¡¡are¡¡generally¡¡ruined¡£¡¡

But¡¡when¡¡a¡¡prince¡¡declares¡¡himself¡¡gallantly¡¡in¡¡favour¡¡of¡¡one¡¡side£»¡¡if¡¡the¡¡

party¡¡with¡¡whom¡¡he¡¡allies¡¡himself¡¡conquers£»¡¡although¡¡the¡¡victor¡¡may¡¡be¡¡

powerful¡¡and¡¡may¡¡have¡¡him¡¡at¡¡his¡¡mercy£»¡¡yet¡¡he¡¡is¡¡indebted¡¡to¡¡him£»¡¡and¡¡

there¡¡is¡¡established¡¡a¡¡bond¡¡of¡¡amity£»¡¡and¡¡men¡¡are¡¡never¡¡so¡¡shameless¡¡as¡¡to¡¡

become¡¡a¡¡monument¡¡of¡¡ingratitude¡¡by¡¡oppressing¡¡you¡£¡¡Victories¡¡after¡¡all¡¡

are¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡never¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡so¡¡¡¡¡¡complete¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡victor¡¡¡¡¡¡must¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡show¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡some¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡regard£»¡¡

especially¡¡to¡¡justice¡£¡¡But¡¡if¡¡he¡¡with¡¡whom¡¡you¡¡ally¡¡yourself¡¡loses£»¡¡you¡¡may¡¡

be¡¡sheltered¡¡by¡¡him£»¡¡and¡¡whilst¡¡he¡¡is¡¡able¡¡he¡¡may¡¡aid¡¡you£»¡¡and¡¡you¡¡become¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡90¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡91¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡Prince¡¡



companions¡¡on¡¡a¡¡fortune¡¡that¡¡may¡¡rise¡¡again¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡the¡¡second¡¡case£»¡¡when¡¡those¡¡who¡¡fight¡¡are¡¡of¡¡such¡¡a¡¡character¡¡that¡¡

you¡¡have¡¡no¡¡anxiety¡¡as¡¡to¡¡who¡¡may¡¡conquer£»¡¡so¡¡much¡¡the¡¡more¡¡is¡¡it¡¡greater¡¡

prudence¡¡to¡¡be¡¡allied£»¡¡because¡¡you¡¡assist¡¡at¡¡the¡¡destruction¡¡of¡¡one¡¡by¡¡the¡¡

aid¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡another¡¡¡¡¡¡who£»¡¡¡¡¡¡if¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡wise£»¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡saved¡¡¡¡¡¡him£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡

conquering£»¡¡as¡¡it¡¡is¡¡impossible¡¡that¡¡he¡¡should¡¡not¡¡do¡¡with¡¡your¡¡assistance£»¡¡

he¡¡remains¡¡at¡¡your¡¡discretion¡£¡¡And¡¡here¡¡it¡¡is¡¡to¡¡be¡¡noted¡¡that¡¡a¡¡prince¡¡ought¡¡

to¡¡¡¡¡¡take¡¡¡¡¡¡care¡¡¡¡¡¡never¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡make¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡alliance¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡powerful¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡than¡¡

himself¡¡for¡¡the¡¡purposes¡¡of¡¡attacking¡¡others£»¡¡unless¡¡necessity¡¡compels¡¡him£»¡¡

as¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡said¡¡¡¡¡¡above£»¡¡¡¡¡¡because¡¡¡¡¡¡if¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡conquers¡¡¡¡¡¡you¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡discretion£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡

princes¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡avoid¡¡as¡¡much¡¡as¡¡possible¡¡being¡¡at¡¡the¡¡discretion¡¡of¡¡any¡¡

one¡£¡¡The¡¡Venetians¡¡joined¡¡with¡¡France¡¡against¡¡the¡¡Duke¡¡of¡¡Milan£»¡¡and¡¡this¡¡

alliance£»¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡caused¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡ruin£»¡¡¡¡could¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡avoided¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡¡¡¡¡when¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡

cannot¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡avoided£»¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡happened¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Florentines¡¡¡¡¡¡when¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Pope¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡

Spain¡¡sent¡¡armies¡¡to¡¡attack¡¡Lombardy£»¡¡then¡¡in¡¡such¡¡a¡¡case£»¡¡for¡¡the¡¡above¡¡

reasons£»¡¡the¡¡prince¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡favour¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡parties¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Never¡¡¡¡¡¡let¡¡¡¡¡¡any¡¡¡¡¡¡Government¡¡¡¡¡¡imagine¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡can¡¡¡¡¡¡choose¡¡¡¡¡¡perfectly¡¡¡¡¡¡safe¡¡

courses£»¡¡rather¡¡let¡¡it¡¡expect¡¡to¡¡have¡¡to¡¡take¡¡very¡¡doubtful¡¡ones£»¡¡because¡¡it¡¡

is¡¡¡¡¡¡found¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡ordinary¡¡¡¡¡¡affairs¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡never¡¡¡¡¡¡seeks¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡avoid¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡trouble¡¡

without¡¡¡¡¡¡running¡¡¡¡¡¡into¡¡¡¡¡¡another£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡prudence¡¡¡¡¡¡consists¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡knowing¡¡¡¡¡¡how¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡

distinguish¡¡the¡¡character¡¡of¡¡troubles£»¡¡and¡¡for¡¡choice¡¡to¡¡take¡¡the¡¡lesser¡¡evil¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡prince¡¡ought¡¡also¡¡to¡¡show¡¡himself¡¡a¡¡patron¡¡of¡¡ability£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡honour¡¡

the¡¡¡¡¡¡proficient¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡every¡¡¡¡¡¡art¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡At¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡same¡¡¡¡¡¡time¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡should¡¡¡¡¡¡encourage¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡

citizens¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡practise¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡callings¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡peaceably£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡both¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡commerce¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡

agriculture£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡every¡¡¡¡¡¡other¡¡¡¡¡¡following£»¡¡¡¡¡¡so¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡should¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡

deterred¡¡from¡¡improving¡¡his¡¡possessions¡¡for¡¡fear¡¡lest¡¡they¡¡be¡¡taken¡¡away¡¡

from¡¡him¡¡or¡¡another¡¡from¡¡opening¡¡up¡¡trade¡¡for¡¡fear¡¡of¡¡taxes£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡prince¡¡

ought¡¡to¡¡offer¡¡rewards¡¡to¡¡whoever¡¡wishes¡¡to¡¡do¡¡these¡¡things¡¡and¡¡designs¡¡in¡¡

any¡¡way¡¡to¡¡honour¡¡his¡¡city¡¡or¡¡state¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Further£»¡¡he¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡entertain¡¡the¡¡people¡¡with¡¡festivals¡¡and¡¡spectacles¡¡

at¡¡convenient¡¡seasons¡¡of¡¡the¡¡year£»¡¡and¡¡as¡¡every¡¡city¡¡is¡¡divided¡¡into¡¡guilds¡¡

or¡¡into¡¡societies£»£§*£§¡¡he¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡hold¡¡such¡¡bodies¡¡in¡¡esteem£»¡¡and¡¡associate¡¡

with¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡¡¡¡¡sometimes£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡show¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡himself¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡example¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡courtesy¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡

liberality£»¡¡¡¡¡¡nevertheless£»¡¡¡¡¡¡always¡¡¡¡¡¡maintaining¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡majesty¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡rank£»¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡91¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡92¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡Prince¡¡



this¡¡he¡¡must¡¡never¡¡consent¡¡to¡¡abate¡¡in¡¡anything¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§*£§¡¡¡¨Guilds¡¡or¡¡societies£»¡¨¡¡¡¨in¡¡arti¡¡o¡¡in¡¡tribu¡£¡¨¡¡¡¨Arti¡¨¡¡were¡¡craft¡¡or¡¡trade¡¡

guilds£»¡¡cf¡£¡¡Florio£º¡¡¡¨Arte¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡a¡¡whole¡¡company¡¡of¡¡any¡¡trade¡¡in¡¡any¡¡city¡¡or¡¡

corporation¡¡town¡£¡¨¡¡The¡¡guilds¡¡of¡¡Florence¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡most¡¡admirably¡¡¡¡described¡¡

by¡¡¡¡¡¡Mr¡¡¡¡¡¡Edgcumbe¡¡¡¡¡¡Staley¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡work¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡subject¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨Methuen£»¡¡¡¡¡¡1906£©¡£¡¡

Institutions¡¡of¡¡a¡¡somewhat¡¡similar¡¡character£»¡¡called¡¡¡¨artel£»¡¨¡¡exist¡¡in¡¡Russia¡¡

to¡­day£»¡¡cf¡£¡¡Sir¡¡Mackenzie¡¡Wallace's¡¡¡¨Russia£»¡¨¡¡ed¡£¡¡1905£º¡¡¡¨The¡¡sons¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡were¡¡

always¡¡¡¡¡¡during¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡working¡¡¡¡¡¡season¡¡¡¡¡¡members¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡artel¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡¡¡¡¡some¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

larger¡¡¡¡¡¡towns¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡artels¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡much¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡complex¡¡¡¡¡¡kind¡¡¡¡¡¡permanent¡¡

associations£»¡¡possessing¡¡large¡¡capital£»¡¡and¡¡pecuniarily¡¡responsible¡¡for¡¡the¡¡

acts¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡individual¡¡¡¡¡¡members¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡word¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨artel£»¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡despite¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡¡¡¡¡apparent¡¡

similarity£»¡¡has£»¡¡Mr¡¡Aylmer¡¡Maude¡¡assures¡¡me£»¡¡no¡¡connection¡¡with¡¡¡¨ars¡¨¡¡or¡¡

¡¨arte¡£¡¨¡¡Its¡¡root¡¡is¡¡that¡¡of¡¡the¡¡verb¡¡¡¨rotisya£»¡¨¡¡to¡¡bind¡¡oneself¡¡by¡¡an¡¡oath£»¡¡and¡¡

it¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡generally¡¡¡¡¡¡admitted¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡only¡¡¡¡¡¡another¡¡¡¡¡¡form¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨rota£»¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡now¡¡

signifies¡¡a¡¡¡¨regimental¡¡company¡£¡¨¡¡In¡¡both¡¡words¡¡the¡¡underlying¡¡idea¡¡is¡¡that¡¡

of¡¡a¡¡body¡¡of¡¡men¡¡united¡¡by¡¡an¡¡oath¡£¡¡¡¨Tribu¡¨¡¡were¡¡possibly¡¡gentile¡¡groups£»¡¡

united¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡common¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡descent£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡included¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡individuals¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡connected¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡

marriage¡£¡¡Perhaps¡¡our¡¡words¡¡¡¨sects¡¨¡¡or¡¡¡¨clans¡¨¡¡would¡¡be¡¡most¡¡appropriate¡£¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡92¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡93¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡Prince¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡CHAPTER¡¡XXII¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡CONCERNING¡¡THE¡¡SECRETARIES¡¡OF¡¡PRINCES¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡choice¡¡of¡¡servants¡¡is¡¡of¡¡no¡¡little¡¡importance¡¡to¡¡a¡¡prince£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡

are¡¡good¡¡or¡¡not¡¡according¡¡to¡¡the¡¡discrimination¡¡of¡¡the¡¡prince¡£¡¡And¡¡the¡¡first¡¡

opinion¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡forms¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡prince£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡understanding£»¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡

observing¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡men¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡around¡¡¡¡¡¡him£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡when¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡capable¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡

faithful¡¡he¡¡may¡¡always¡¡be¡¡considered¡¡wise£»¡¡because¡¡he¡¡has¡¡known¡¡how¡¡to¡¡

recognize¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡capable¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡keep¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡¡¡¡¡faithful¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡¡¡¡¡when¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡

otherwise¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡cannot¡¡¡¡¡¡form¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡good¡¡¡¡¡¡opinion¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡him£»¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡prime¡¡¡¡¡¡error¡¡

which¡¡he¡¡made¡¡was¡¡in¡¡choosing¡¡them¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡There¡¡were¡¡none¡¡who¡¡knew¡¡Messer¡¡Antonio¡¡da¡¡Venafro¡¡as¡¡the¡¡servant¡¡

of¡¡Pandolfo¡¡Petrucci£»¡¡Prince¡¡of¡¡Siena£»¡¡who¡¡would¡¡not¡¡consider¡¡Pandolfo¡¡to¡¡

be¡¡a¡¡very¡¡clever¡¡man¡¡in¡¡having¡¡Venafro¡¡for¡¡his¡¡servant¡£¡¡Because¡¡there¡¡are¡¡

three¡¡classes¡¡of¡¡intellects£º¡¡one¡¡which¡¡comprehends¡¡by¡¡itself£»¡¡another¡¡which¡¡

appreciates¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡what¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡others¡¡¡¡¡¡comprehended£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡third¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡neither¡¡

comprehends¡¡by¡¡itself¡¡nor¡¡by¡¡the¡¡showing¡¡of¡¡others£»¡¡the¡¡first¡¡is¡¡the¡¡most¡¡


·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ