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similar tradition of a college president has created a



presumptive need of a similar official in the universities; 



the reason being evidently that these universities in other lands



have not; in the typical case; grown out of an underlying



college。



    In the sentimental apprehension of the laity out of doors;



and in a degree even in the unreflecting esteem of men within the



academic precincts; the presidential office still carries



something of this traditionally preconceived scholarly character;



and it is this still surviving traditional preconception; which



confuses induction into the office with scholarly fitness for its



dignities; that still makes the office of the academic executive



available for those purposes of expansive publicity and



businesslike management that it has been made to serve。 Except



for this uncritical esteem of the office and its incumbency; so



surviving out of an inglorious past; no great prestige could



attach to that traffic in spectacular solemnities; edifying



discourse and misdirected business control; that makes up the



substantial duties of the office as now conducted。 It is



therefore of the utmost moment to keep up; or rather to magnify;



that appearance of scholarly competence and of intimate



solidarity with the corporation of learning that gives the



presidential office this prestige value。 But since it is only for



purposes external; not to say extraneous; to the corporation of



learning that this prestige value is seriously worth while; it is



also only toward the outside that the make…believe of



presidential erudition and scholarly ideals need seriously be



kept up。 For the common run of the incumbents today to pose



before their faculties as in any eminent degree conversant with



the run of contemporary science or scholarship; or as rising to



the average even of their own faculties in this respect; would be



as bootless as it is uncalled for。 But the faculties; as is well



enough understood; need of course entertain no respect for their



executive head as a citizen of the republic of learning; so long



as they at all adequately appreciate his discretionary power of



use and abuse; as touches them and their fortunes and all the



ways; means and opportunities of academic work。 By tradition; and



in the genial legendary lore that colours the proceedings of the



faculty…meeting; he is still the senior member of an assemblage



of scholarly gentlemen; but in point of executive fact he is



their employer; who does business with and by them on a



commercial footing。 To the faculty; the presidential office is a



business proposition; and its incumbent is chiefly an object of



circumspection; to whom they owe a 〃hired…man's loyalty。〃



    It is toward the outside; in the face of the laity out of



doors; that the high fence  〃the eight…fold fence〃  of



scholarly pretension is to be kept up。 Hence the indicated means



of its up…keep are such as will presumably hold the (transient)



respect and affection of this laity;quasi…scholarly homiletical



discourse; frequent; voluminous; edifying and optimistic;



ritualistic solemnities; diverting and vacant; spectacular



affectations of (counterfeit) scholastic usage in the way of



droll vestments; bizarre and archaic; parade of (make…believe)



gentility; encouragement and (surreptitious) subvention of



athletic contests; promulgation of (presumably ingenuous)



statistics touching the volume and character of the work done。



    It is only by keeping up these manifestations toward the



outside; and making them good in the esteem of the unlearned;



that the presidential office can be made to serve the ends of the



board of control and the ambitions of the incumbent; and this



large apparatus and traffic of make…believe; therefore; is the



first and most unremitting object of executive solicitude。 It is



the 〃place whereon to stand〃 while moving the academic universe。



The uses to be made of the standing…place so achieved have



already been set out in some detail in earlier chapters。 They



centre about three main considerations: Visible magnitude;



bureaucratic organization; and vocational training。







    As already noted in earlier passages; the boards of control



are bodies of businessmen in whose apprehension the methods



successfully employed in competitive business are suitable for



all purposes of administration; from which follows that the



academic head who is to serve as their general manager is vested;



in effect; with such discretionary powers as currently devolve on



the discretionary officials of business corporations; from which



follows; among other things; that the members of the faculty come



to take rank as employees of the concern; hired by and



responsible to the academic head。



    The first executive duty of the incumbent of office;



therefore; is to keep his faculty under control; so as to be able



unhampered to carry out the policy of magnitude and



secularization with a view to which the governing board has



invested him with his powers。 This work of putting the faculty in



its place has by this time been carried out with sufficient



effect; so that its 〃advice and consent〃 may in all cases be



taken as a matter of course; and should a remnant of initiative



and scholarly aspiration show itself in any given concrete case



in such a way as to traverse the lines of policy pursued by the



executive; he can readily correct the difficulty by exercise of a



virtually plenary power of appointment; preferment and removal;



backed as this power is by a nearly indefeasible black…list。 So



well is the academic black…list understood; indeed; and so



sensitive and trustworthy is the fearsome loyalty of the common



run among academic men; that very few among them will venture



openly to say a good word for any one of their colleagues who may



have fallen under the displeasure of some incumbent of executive



office。 This work of intimidation and subornation may fairly be



said to have acquired the force of an institution; and to need no



current surveillance or effort。(6*)



    The subservience of the faculty; or of a working majority;



may safely be counted on。 But the forms of advisement and



responsibility are still necessary to be observed; the president



is still; by tradition; the senior member of the faculty; and its



confidential spokesman。 From which follows a certain; at least



pro forma; disingenuousness in the executive's coercive control



of academic policy; whereby the ostensible discretion and



responsibility comes to rest on the faculty; while the control



remains with the executive。 But; after all; this particular run



of ambiguity and evasions has reached such settled forms and is



so well understood that it no longer implies an appreciable



strain on the executive's veracity or on his diplomatic skill。 It



belongs under the category of legal fiction; rather than that of



effectual prevarication。



    So also as regards the businesslike; or bureaucratic;



organization and control of the administrative machinery; and its



utilization for vocational ends and statistical showing。 All that



has been worked out in its general features; and calls; in any



concrete case; for nothing much beyond an adaptation of general



practices to the detail requirements of the special case。 It



devolves; properly; on the clerical force; and especially on



those chiefs of clerical bureau called 〃deans;〃 together with the



many committees…for…the…sifting…of…sawdust into which the faculty



of a well…administered university is organized。 These committees



being; in effect if not in intention; designed chiefly to keep



the faculty talking while the bureaucratic machine goes on its



way under the guidance of the executive and his personal



counsellors and lieutenants。 These matters; then; are also well



understood; standardized; and accepted; and no longer require a



vigilant personal surveillance from the side of the executive。



    As is well and seemly for any head of a great concern; these



matters of routine and current circumlocution are presently



delegated to the oversight of trusted subalterns; in a manner



analogous to the delegation of the somewhat parallel duties of



the caretakers of the material equipment。 Both of these



hierarchical corps of subordinates are in a somewhat similar



case; in that their duties are of a mechanically standardized



nature; and in that it is incumbent on both alike to deal in a



dispassionate; not to 

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