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constructions than for any other academic use。 It appears that



the successful men of affairs to whom the appeal for funds is



directed; find these wasteful; ornate and meretricious edifices a



competent expression of their cultural hopes and ambitions。







NOTES:







1。 A single illustrative instance may serve to show how the land



lies in this respect; even though it may seem to the uninitiated



to be an extreme if not an exaggerated case; while it may perhaps



strike those familiar with these matters as a tedious



commonplace。 A few years ago; in one of the larger; younger and



more enterprising universities; a commodious laboratory; well



appointed and adequately decorated; was dedicated to one of the



branches of biological science。 To meet the needs of scientific



work such a laboratory requires the services of a corps of



experienced and intelligent assistants and caretakers;



particularly where the establishment is equipped with modern



appliances for heating; ventilation and the like; as was the case



in this instance。 In this laboratory the necessary warmth was



supplied by what is sometimes called the method of indirect steam



heat; that is to say; the provision for heat and for ventilation



were combined in one set of appliances; by bringing the needed



air from the open through an outdoor 〃intake;〃 passing it over



steam…heated coils (in the basement of the building); and so



distributing the air necessary for ventilation; at the proper



temperature; throughout the building by means of a suitable



arrangement of air…shafts。 Such was the design。 But intelligent



service comes high; and ignorant janitors are willing to



undertake what may be asked of them。 And sufficient warmth can be



had in an inclement climate and through a long winter season only



at an appreciable expense。 So; with a view to economy; and



without the knowledge of the scientific staff who made use of the



laboratory; the expedient was hit upon by the academic executive;



in consultation with a suitable janitor; that the outdoor intake



be boarded up tightly。 so that the air which passed over the



heating coils and through the air…shafts to the laboratory rooms



was thenceforth drawn not from the extremely cold atmosphere of



outdoors but from the more temperate supply that filled the



basement and had already had the benefit of circulating over the



steam coils and through the ventilating shafts。 By this means an



obvious saving in fuel would be effected; corresponding to the



heat differential between the outdoor air; at some 0* to …20* and



that already confined in the building; at some 60*。 How long this



fuel…saving expedient was in force can not well be ascertained;



but it is known to have lasted at least for more than one season。



    The members of the scientific staff meantime mysteriously but



persistently fell sick after a few weeks of work in the



laboratory; recurrently after each return from enforced



vacations。 Until; in the end; moved by persistent suspicions of



sewer…gas  which; by the way; had in the meantime cost some



futile inconvenience and expense occasioned by unnecessary



overhauling of the plumbing  one of the staff pried into the



janitor's domain in the basement; where he found near the chamber



of the steam coils a loosely closed man…hole leading into the



sewers; from which apparently such air was drawn as would



necessarily go to offset the current leakage from this closed



system of ventilation。







2。 This is a nearly universal infirmity of American university



policy; but it is doubtless not to be set down solely to the



account of the penchant for a large publicity on the part of the



several academic executives。 It is in all likelihood due as much



to the equally ubiquitous inability of the governing boards to



appreciate or to perceive what the current needs of the academic



work are; or even what they are like。 Men trained in the conduct



of business enterprise; as the governing boards are; will have



great difficulty in persuading themselves that expenditures which



yield neither increased dividends nor such a durable physical



product as can be invoiced and added to the capitalization; can



be other than a frivolous waste of good money; so that what is



withheld from current academic expenditure is felt to be saved;



while that expenditure which leaves a tangible residue of



(perhaps useless) real estate is; by force of ingrained habit;



rated as new investment。







CHAPTER V







The Academic Personnel











    As regards the personnel of the academic staff the control



enforced by the principles of competitive business is more



subtle; complex and far…reaching; and should merit more



particular attention。 The staff is the university; or it should



so be if the university is to deserve the place assigned it in



the scheme of civilization。 Therefore the central and gravest



question touching current academic policy is the question of its



bearing on the personnel and the work which there is for them to



do。 In the apprehension of many critics the whole question of



university control is comprised in the dealings of the executive



with the staff。



    Whether the power of appointment vests formally in one man or



in a board; in American practice it commonly vests; in effect; in



the academic executive。 In practice; the power of removal; as



well as that of advancement; rests in the same hands。 The



businesslike requirements of the case bring it to this outcome de



facto; whatever formalities of procedure may intervene de jure。



    It lies in the nature of the case that this appointing power



will tend to create a faculty after its own kind。 It will be



quick to recognize efficiency within the lines of its own



interests; and slower to see fitness in those lines that lie



outside of its horizon; where it must necessarily act on outside



solicitation and hearsay evidence。



    The selective effect of such a bias; guided as one might say;



by a 〃consciousness of kind;〃 may be seen in those establishments



that have remained under clerical tutelage; where; notoriously;



the first qualification looked to in an applicant for work as a



teacher is his religious bias。 But the bias of these governing



boards and executives that are under clerical control has after



all been able to effect only a partial; though far…reaching;



conformity to clerical ideals of fitness in the faculties so



selected; more especially in the larger and modernized schools of



this class。 In practice it is found necessary somewhat to wink at



devotional shortcomings among their teachers; clerical; or



pronouncedly devout; scientists that are passably competent in



their science; are of very rare occurrence; and yet something



presentable in the way of modern science is conventionally



required by these schools; in order to live; and so to effect any



part of their purpose。 Half a loaf is better than no bread。 None



but the precarious class of schools made up of the lower grade



and smaller of these colleges; such as are content to save their



souls alive without exerting any effect on the current of



civilization; are able to get along with faculties made up



exclusively of God…fearing men。



    Something of the same kind; and in somewhat the same degree;



is true for the schools under the tutelage of businessmen。 While



the businesslike ideal may be a faculty wholly made up of men



highly gifted with business sense; it is not practicable to



assemble such a faculty which shall at the same time be plausibly



competent in science and scholarship。 Scientists and scholars



given over to the pursuit of knowledge are conventionally



indispensable to a university; and such are commonly not largely



gifted with business sense; either by habit or by native gift。



The two lines of interest  business and science  do not pull



together; a competent scientist or scholar well endowed with



business sense is as rare as a devout scientist  almost as rare



as a white blackbird。 Yet the inclusion of men of scientific



gifts and attainments among its faculty is indispensable to the



university; if it is to avoid instant and palpable



stultification。



    So that the most that can practically be accomplished by a



businesslike selection and surveillance of the academic personnel



will be a compromise; whereby a goodly number of the faculty will



be selected on grounds of businesslike fitness; more or less



pronounce

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