the expression of emotion in man and animals-第61节

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＇12＇　J。　R。　Forster；　‘Observations　during　a　Voyage　round　the　World；'　4to；　1778；　p。　　229。　　Waitz　gives　（‘Introduction　to　Anthropology；'　Eng。　translat。　　1863；　vol。　　i。　　p。　　135）　references　for　other　islands　in　the　Pacific。　　See；　also；　Dampier　‘On　the　Blushing　of　the　Tunquinese'　（vol。　ii。　　p。　　40）；　but　I　have　not　consulted　this　work。　Waitz　quotes　Bergmann；　that　the　Kalmucks　do　not　blush；　but　this　may　be　doubted　after　what　we　have　seen　with　respect　to　the　Chinese。　　He　also　quotes　Roth；　who　denies　that　the　Abyssinians　are　capable　of　blushing。　Unfortunately；　Capt。　Speedy；　who　lived　so　long　with　the　Abyssinians；　has　not　answered　my　inquiry　on　this　head。　　Lastly；　I　must　add　that　the　Rajah　Brooke　has　never　observed　the　least　sign　of　a　blush　with　the　Dyaks　of　Borneo；　on　the　contrary　under　circumstances　which　would　excite　a　blush　in　us；　they　assert　〃that　they　feel　the　blood　drawn　from　their　faces。〃

＇13＇　Transact。　　of　the　Ethnological　Soc。　　1870；　vol。　　ii。　　p。　　16。

Several　trustworthy　observers　have　assured　me　that　they　have　seen　on　the　faces　of　negroes　an　appearance　resembling　a　blush；　under　circumstances　which　would　have　excited　one　in　us；　though　their　skins　were　of　an　ebony…black　tint。　　Some　describe　it　as　blushing　brown；　but　most　say　that　the　blackness　becomes　more　intense。　　An　increased　supply　of　blood　in　the　skin　seems　in　some　manner　to　increase　its　blackness；　thus　certain　exanthematous　diseases　cause　the　affected　places　in　the　negro　to　appear　blacker；　instead　of；　as　with　us；　redder。＇16＇　The　skin；　perhaps；　from　being　rendered　more　tense　by　the　filling　of　the　capillaries；　would　reflect　a　somewhat　different　tint　to　what　it　did　before。　That　the　capillaries　of　the　face　in　the　negro　become　filled　with　blood；　under　the　emotion　of　shame；　we　may　feel　confident；　because　a　perfectly　characterized　albino　negress；　described　by　Buffon；＇17＇　showed　a　faint　tinge　of　crimson　on　her　cheeks　when　she　exhibited　herself　naked。　Cicatrices　of　the　skin　remain　for　a　long　time　white　in　the　negro；　and　Dr。　Burgess；　who　had　frequent　opportunities　of　observing　a　scar　of　this　kind　on　the　face　of　a　negress；　distinctly　saw　that　it　〃invariably　became　red　whenever　she　was　abruptly　spoken　to；　or　charged　with　any　trivial　offence。〃＇18＇　The　blush　could　be　seen　proceeding　from　the　circumference　of　the　scar　towards　the　middle；　but　it　did　not　reach　the　centre。　Mulattoes　are　often　great　blushers；　blush　succeeding　blush　over　their　faces。　From　these　facts　there　can　be　no　doubt　that　negroes　blush；　although　no　redness　is　visible　on　the　skin。


＇14＇　Humboldt；　‘Personal　Narrative；'　Eng。　　translat。　　vol。　　iii。　　p。　　229。

＇15＇　Quoted　by　Prichard；　Phys。　　Hist。　　of　Mankind；　4th　edit　1851；　vol。　　i。　　p。　　271。

＇16＇　See；　on　this　head；　Burgess；　ibid。　　p。　　32。　　Also　Waitz；　‘Introdnction　to　Anthropology；'　Eng。　　edit。　　vol。　　i。　　p。　　139。　　Moreau　gives　a　detailed　account　（‘Lavater；'　1820；　tom。　　iv。　　p。　　302）　of　the　blushing　of　a　Madagascar　negress…slave　when　forced　by　her　brutal　master　to　exhibit　her　naked　bosom。

I　am　assured　by　Gaika　and　by　Mrs。　Barber　that　the　Kafirs　of　South　Africa　never　blush；　but　this　may　only　mean　that　no　change　of　colour　is　distinguishable。　Gaika　adds　that　under　the　circumstances　which　would　make　a；　European　blush；　his　countrymen　〃look　ashamed　to　keep　their　heads　up。〃

It　is　asserted　by　four　of　my　informants　that　the　Australians；　who　are　almost　as　black　as　negroes；　never　blush。　　A　fifth　answers　doubtfully；　remarking　that　only　a　very　strong　blush　could　be　seen；　on　account　of　the　dirty　state　of　their　skins。　Three　observers　state　that　they　do　blush；＇19＇　Mr。　S。　Wilson　adding　that　this　is　noticeable　only　under　a　strong　emotion；　and　when　the　skin　is　not　too　dark　from　long　exposure　and　want　of　cleanliness。　Mr。　Lang　answers；　〃I　have　noticed　that　shame　almost　always　excites　a　blush；　which　frequently　extends　as　low　as　the　neck。〃　　Shame　is　also　shown；　as　he　adds；　〃by　the　eyes　being　turned　from　side　to　side。〃　As　Mr。　Lang　was　a　teacher　in　a　native　school；　it　is　probable　that　he　chiefly　observed　children；　and　we　know　that　they　blush　more　than　adults。　　Mr。　G。　Taplin　has　seen　half…castes　blushing；　and　he　says　that　the　aborigines　have　a　word　expressive　of　shame。　Mr。　Hagenauer；　who　is　one　of　those　who　has　never　observed　the　Australians　to　blush；　says　that　he　has　〃seen　them　looking　down　to　the　ground　on　account　of　shame；〃　and　the　missionary；　Mr。　Bulmer；　remarks　that　though　〃I　have　not　been　able　to　detect　anything　like　shame　in　the　adult　aborigines；　I　have　noticed　that　the　eyes　of　the　children；　when　ashamed；　present　a　restless；　watery　appearance；　as　if　they　did　not　know　where　to　look。〃


＇17＇　Quoted　by　Prichard；　Phys。　　Hist。　　of　Mankind；　4th　edit。　1851；　vol。　　i。　　p。　　225。

＇18＇　Burgess；　ibid。　　p。　　31。　　On　mulattoes　blushing；　see　p。　　33。　　I　have　received　similar　accounts　with　respect　to；　mulattoes。

＇19＇　Barrington　also　says　that　the　Australians　of　New　South　Wales　blush；　as　quoted　by　Waitz；　ibid。　　p。　　135。

The　facts　now　given　are　sufficient　to　show　that　blushing；　whether　or　not　there　is　any　change　of　colour；　is　common　to　most；　probably　to　all；　of　the　races　of　man。

_Movements　and　gestures　which　accompany　Blushing_。Under　a　keen　sense　of　shame　there　is　a；　strong　desire　for　concealment。＇20＇　We　turn　away　the　whole　body；　more　especially　the　face；　which　we　endeavour　in　some　manner　to　hide。　An　ashamed　person　can　hardly　endure　to　meet　the　gaze　of　those　present；　so　that　he　almost　invariably　casts　down　his　eyes　or　looks　askant。　As　there　generally　exists　at　the　same　time　a　strong　wish　to　avoid　the　appearance　of　shame；　a　vain　attempt　is　made　to　look　direct　at　the　person　who　causes　this　feeling；　and　the　antagonism　between　these　opposite　tendencies　leads　to　various　restless　movements　in　the　eyes。　I　have　noticed　two　ladies　who；　whilst　blushing；　to　which　they　are　very　liable；　have　thus　acquired；　as　it　appears；　the　oddest　trick　of　incessantly　blinking　their　eyelids　with　extraordinary　rapidity。　　An　intense　blush　is　sometimes　accompanied　by　a　slight　effusion　of　tears；＇21＇　and　this；　I　presume；　is　due　to　the　lacrymal　glands　partaking　of　the　increased　supply　of　blood；　which　we　know　rushes　into　the　capillaries　of　the　adjoining　parts；　including　the　retina。


＇20＇　Mr。　Wedgwood　says　（Dict。　of　English　Etymology；　vol。　　iii。　　1865；　p。　155）　that　the　word　shame　〃may　well　originate　in　the　idea　of　shade　or　concealment；　and　may　be　illustrated　by　the　Low　German　_scheme_；　shade　or　shadow。〃　　Gratiolet　（De　la　Phys。　　pp。　　357…362）　has　a　good　discussion　on　the　gestures　accompanying　shame；　but　some　of　his　remarks　seem　to　me　rather　fanciful。　　See；　also；　Burgess　（ibid。　pp。　69；　134）　on　the　same　subject。

Many　writers；　ancient　and　modern；　have　noticed　the　foregoing　movements；　and　it　has　already　been　shown　that　the　aborigines　in　various　parts　of　the　world　often　exhibit　their　shame　by　looking　downwards　or　askant；　or　by　restless　movements　of　their　eyes。　Ezra　cries　out　（ch。　ix。　　6）；　〃O；　my　God！　　I　am　ashamed；　and　blush　to　lift　up　my　head　to　thee；　my　God。〃　　In　Isaiah　（ch。　I。　6）　we　meet　with　the　words；　〃I　hid　not　my　face　from　shame。〃　Seneca　remarks　（Epist。　xi。　　5）　〃that　the　Roman　players　hang　down　their　heads；　fix　their　eyes　on　the　ground　and　keep　them　lowered；　but　are　unable　to　blush　in　acting　shame。〃　　According　to　Macrobius；　who　lived　in　the　filth　century　（‘Saturnalia；'　B。　vii。　C。　11）；　〃Natural　philosophers　assert　that　nature　being　moved　by　shame　spreads　the　blood　before　herself　as　a　veil；　as　we　see　any　one　blushing　often　puts　his　hands　before　his　face。〃　Shakspeare　makes　Marcus　（‘Titus　Andronicus；'　act　ii；　sc。　　5）　say　to　his　niece；　〃Ah！　now　thou　turn'st　away　thy　face　for　shame。〃　A　lady　informs　me　that　she　found　in　the　Lock　Hospital　a　girl　whom　she　had　formerly　known；　and　who　had　become　a　wretched　castaway；　and　the　poor　creature；　when　approached；　hid　her　face　under　the　bed…clothes；　and　could　not　be　persuaded　to　uncover　it。　We　often　see　little　children；　when　shy　or　ashamed；　turn　away；　and　still　standing　up；　bury　their　faces　in　their　mother's　gown；　or　they　throw　themselves　face　downwards　on　her　lap。


＇21＇　Burgess；　ibid。　　pp。　　181；　182。　　Boerhaave　also　noticed　（as　quoted　by　Gratiolet；　ibid。　　p。　　361）　the　tendency　to　the　secretion　of　tears　during　intense　blushing。　Mr。　Bulmer；　as　we　have　seen；　speaks　of　the　〃watery　eyes〃　of　the　children　of　the　Australian　aborigines　when　ashamed。


_Confusion　of　mind_。Most　persons；　whilst　blushing　intensely；　have　their　mental　powers　confused。　　This　is　recognized　in　such　common　expressions　as　〃she　was　covered　with　confusion。〃　Persons　in　this　condition　lose　their　presence　of　mind；　and　utter　singularly　inappropriate　remarks。　They　are　often　much　distressed；　stammer；　and　make　awkward　movements　or　strange　grimaces。　　In　certain　cases　involuntary　twitchings　of　some　of　the　facial　muscles　may　be　observed。　I　have　been　informed　by　a　young　lady；　who　blushes　excessively；　that　at　such　times　she　does　not　even　know　what　she　is　saying。　When　it　was　suggested　to　her　that　this　might　be　due　to　her　distress　from　the　consciousness　that　her　blushing　was　noticed；　she　answered　that　this　could　not　be　the　case；　〃as　she　had　sometimes　felt　quite　as　stupid　when　blushing　at　a　thought　in　her　own　room。〃

I　will　give　an　instance　of　the　extreme　disturbance　of　mind　to　which　some　sensitive　men　are　liable。　　A　gentlem