the expression of emotion in man and animals-第47节

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iar　sidelong　movement；　shaking　his　doubled　fist；　and　threatening　destruction。　Then　his　upper　lip　may　be　seen　to　be　raised；　especially　at　the　corners；　so　that　his　huge　canine　teeth　are　exhibited。　He　hisses　forth　his　curses　through　his　set　teeth；　and　his　whole　expression　assumes　the　character　of　extreme　ferocity。　A　similar　description　is　applicable　to　another　man；　excepting　that　he　generally　foams　at　the　mouth　and　spits；　dancing　and　jumping　about　in　a　strange　rapid　manner；　shrieking　out　his　maledictions　in　a　shrill　falsetto　voice。


＇11＇　‘The　Spectator；'　July　11；　1868；　p。　　810。

Dr。　Browne　also　informs　me　of　the　case　of　an　epileptic　idiot；　incapable　of　independent　movements；　and　who　spends　the　whole　day　in　playing　with　some　toys；　but　his　temper　is　morose　and　easily　roused　into　fierceness。　When　any　one　touches　his　toys；　he　slowly　raises　his　head　from　its　habitual　downward　position；　and　fixes　his　eyes　on　the　offender；　with　a　tardy　yet　angry　scowl。　　If　the　annoyance　be　repeated；　he　draws　back　his　thick　lips　and　reveals　a　prominent　row　of　hideous　fangs　（large　canines　being　especially　noticeable）；　and　then　makes　a　quick　and　cruel　clutch　with　his　open　hand　at　the　offending　person。　The　rapidity　of　this　clutch；　as　Dr。　Browne　remarks；　is　marvellous　in　a　being　ordinarily　so　torpid　that　he　takes　about　fifteen　seconds；　when　attracted　by　any　noise；　to　turn　his　head　from　one　side　to　the　other。　If；　when　thus　incensed；　a　handkerchief；　book；　or　other　article；　be　placed　into　his　hands；　he　drags　it　to　his　mouth　and　bites　it。　Mr。　Nicol　has　likewise　described　to　me　two　cases　of　insane　patients；　whose　lips　are　retracted　during　paroxysms　of　rage。

Dr。　Maudsley；　after　detailing　various　strange　animal…like　traits　in　idiots；　asks　whether　these　are　not　due　to　the　reappearance　of　primitive　instincts〃a　faint　echo　from　a　far…distant　past；　testifying　to　a　kinship　which　man　has　almost　outgrown。〃　He　adds；　that　as　every　human　brain　passes；　in　the　course　of　its　development；　through　the　same　stages　as　those　occurring　in　the　lower　vertebrate　animals；　and　as　the　brain　of　an　idiot　is　in　an　arrested　condition；　we　may　presume　that　it　〃will　manifest　its　most　primitive　functions；　and　no　higher　functions。〃　Dr。　Maudsley　thinks　that　the　same　view　may　be　extended　to　the　brain　in　its　degenerated　condition　in　some　insane　patients；　and　asks；　whence　come　〃the　savage　snarl；　the　destructive　disposition；　the　obscene　language；　the　wild　howl；　the　offensive　habits；　displayed　by　some　of　the　insane？　　Why　should　a　human　being；　deprived　of　his　reason；　ever　become　so　brutal　in　character；　as　some　do；　unless　he　has　the　brute　nature　within　him？〃＇12＇　This　question　must；　as　it　would　appear；　he　answered　in　the　affirmative。

_Anger；　Indignation_。These　states　of　the　mind　differ　from　rage　only　in　degree；　and　there　is　no　marked　distinction　in　their　characteristic　signs。　Under　moderate　anger　the　action　of　the　heart　is　a　little　increased；　the　colour　heightened；　and　the　eyes　become　bright。　　The　respiration　is　likewise　a　little　hurried；　and　as　all　the　muscles　serving　for　this　function　act　in　association；　the　wings　of　the　nostrils　are　somewhat　raised　to　allow　of　a　free　indraught　of　air；　and　this　is　a　highly　characteristic　sign　of　indignation。　　The　mouth　is　commonly　compressed；　and　there　is　almost　always　a　frown　on　the　brow。　　Instead　of　the　frantic　gestures　of　extreme　rage；　an　indignant　man　unconsciously　throws　himself　into　an　attitude　ready　for　attacking　or　striking　his　enemy；　whom　he　will　perhaps　scan　from　head　to　foot　in　defiance。　　He　carries　his　head　erect；　with　his　chest　well　expanded；　and　the　feet　planted　firmly　on　the　ground。　He　holds　his　arms　in　various　positions；　with　one　or　both　elbows　squared；　or　with　the　arms　rigidly　suspended　by　his　sides。　　With　Europeans　the　fists　are　commonly　clenched。＇13＇　The　figures　1　and　2　in　Plate　VI。　are　fairly　good　representations　of　men　simulating　indignation。　Any　one　may　see　in　a　mirror；　if　he　will　vividly　imagine　that　he　has　been　insulted　and　demands　an　explanation　in　an　angry　tone　of　voice；　that　he　suddenly　and　unconsciously　throws　himself　into　some　such　attitude。


＇12＇　‘Body　and　Mind；'　1870；　pp。　　51…53。

Rage；　anger；　and　indignation　are　exhibited　in　nearly　the　same　manner　throughout　the　world；　and　the　following　descriptions　may　be　worth　giving　as　evidence　of　this；　and　as　illustrations　of　some　of　the　foregoing　remarks。　There　is；　however；　an　exception　with　respect　to　clenching　the　fists；　which　seems　confined　chiefly　to　the　men　who　fight　with　their　fists。　With　the　Australians　only　one　of　my　informants　has　seen　the　fists　clenched。　All　agree　about　the　body　being　held　erect；　and　all；　with　two　exceptions；　state　that　the　brows　are　heavily　contracted。　　Some　of　them　allude　to　the　firmly…compressed　mouth；　the　distended　nostrils；　and　flashing　eyes。　According　to　the　Rev。　Mr。　Taplin；　rage；　with　the　Australians；　is　expressed　by　the　lips　being　protruded；　the　eyes　being　widely　open；　and　in　the　case　of　the　women　by　their　dancing　about　and　casting　dust　into　the　air。　Another　observer　speaks　of　the　native　men；　when　enraged；　throwing　their　arms　wildly　about。


＇13＇　Le　Brun；　in　his　well…known　‘Conference　sur　l'Expression'　（‘La　Physionomie；　par　Lavater；'　edit。　　of　1820；　vol。　　lx。　　p。　　268）；　remarks　that　anger　is　expressed　by　the　clenching　of　the　fists。　　See；　to　the　same　effect；　Huschke；　‘Mimices　et　Physiognomices；　Fragmentum　Physiologicum；'　1824；　p。　　20。　　Also　Sir　C。　Bell；　‘Anatomy　of　Expression；'　p。　　219。

I　have　received　similar　accounts；　except　as　to　the　clenching　of　the　fists；　in　regard　to　the　Malays　of　the　Malacca　peninsula；　the　Abyssinians；　and　the　natives　of　South　Africa。　　So　it　is　with　the　Dakota　Indians　of　North　America；　and；　according　to　Mr。　Matthews；　they　then　hold　their　heads　erect；　frown；　and　often　stalk　away　with　long　strides。　Mr。　Bridges　states　that　the　Fuegians；　when　enraged；　frequently　stamp　on　the　ground；　walk　distractedly　about；　sometimes　cry　and　grow　pale。　The　Rev。　Mr。　Stack　watched　a　New　Zealand　man　and　woman　quarrelling；　and　made　the　following　entry　in　his　note…book：　〃Eyes　dilated；　body　swayed　violently　backwards　and　forwards；　head　inclined　forwards；　fists　clenched；　now　thrown　behind　the　body；　now　directed　towards　each　other's　faces。〃　Mr。　Swinhoe　says　that　my　description　agrees　with　what　he　has　seen　of　the　Chinese；　excepting　that　an　angry　man　generally　inclines　his　body　towards　his　antagonist；　and　pointing　at　him；　pours　forth　a　volley　of　abuse。

Lastly；　with　respect　to　the　natives　of　India；　Mr。　J。　Scott　has　sent　me　a　full　description　of　their　gestures　and　expression　when　enraged。　Two　low…caste　Bengalees　disputed　about　a　loan。　　At　first　they　were　calm；　but　soon　grew　furious　and　poured　forth　the　grossest　abuse　on　each　other's　relations　and　progenitors　for　many　generations　past。　Their　gestures　were　very　different　from　those　of　Europeans；　for　though　their　chests　were　expanded　and　shoulders　squared；　their　arms　remained　rigidly　suspended；　with　the　elbows　turned　inwards　and　the　hands　alternately　clenched　and　opened。　Their　shoulders　were　often　raised　high；　and　then　again　lowered。　They　looked　fiercely　at　each　other　from　under　their　lowered　and　strongly　wrinkled　brows；　and　their　protruded　lips　were　firmly　closed。　They　approached　each　other；　with　heads　and　necks　stretched　forwards；　and　pushed；　scratched；　and　grasped　at　each　other。　　This　protrusion　of　the　head　and　body　seems　a　common　gesture　with　the　enraged；　and　I　have　noticed　it　with　degraded　English　women　whilst　quarrelling　violently　in　the　streets。　　In　such　cases　it　may　be　presumed　that　neither　party　expects　to　receive　a　blow　from　the　other。

A　Bengalee　employed　in　the　Botanic　Gardens　was　accused；　in　the　presence　of　Mr。　Scott；　by　the　native　overseer　of　having　stolen　a　valuable　plant。　He　listened　silently　and　scornfully　to　the　accusation；　his　attitude　erect；　chest　expanded；　mouth　closed；　lips　protruding；　eyes　firmly　set　and　penetrating。　　He　then　defiantly　maintained　his　innocence；　with　upraised　and　clenched　hands；　his　head　being　now　pushed　forwards；　with　the　eyes　widely　open　and　eyebrows　raised。　　Mr。　Scott　also　watched　two　Mechis；　in　Sikhim；　quarrelling　about　their　share　of　payment。　They　soon　got　into　a　furious　passion；　and　then　their　bodies　became　less　erect；　with　their　heads　pushed　forwards；　they　made　grimaces　at　each　other；　their　shoulders　were　raised；　their　arms　rigidly　bent　inwards　at　the　elbows；　and　their　hands　spasmodically　closed；　but　not　properly　clenched。　They　continually　approached　and　retreated　from　each　other；　and　often　raised　their　arms　as　if　to　strike；　but　their　hands　were　open；　and　no　blow　was　given。　Mr。　Scott　made　similar　observations　on　the　Lepchas　whom　he　often　saw　quarrelling；　and　he　noticed　that　they　kept　their　arms　rigid　and　almost　parallel　to　their　bodies；　with　the　hands　pushed　somewhat　backwards　and　partially　closed；　but　not　clenched。


_Sneering；　Defiance：　　Uncovering　the　canine　tooth　on　one　side_。　The　expression　which　I　wish　here　to　consider　differs　but　little　from　that　already　described；　when　the　lips　are　retracted　and　the　grinning　teeth　exposed。　　The　difference　consists　solely　in　the　upper　lip　being　retracted　in　such　a　manner　that　the　canine　tooth　on　one　side　of　the　face　alone　is　shown；　the　face　itself　being　generally　a　little　upturned　and　half　averted　from　the　person　causing　offen