the expression of emotion in man and animals-第41节

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und；〃＇19＇　and　this　may　be　an　imitation　of　the　act　of　swallowing　savoury　food。


＇18＇　A　‘Dictionary　of　English　Etymology；'　2nd　edit。　1872；　Introduction；　p。　　xliv。

Laughter　is　suppressed　by　the　firm　contraction　of　the　orbicular　muscles　of　the　mouth；　which　prevents　the　great　zygomatic　and　other　muscles　from　drawing　the　lips　backwards　and　upwards。　The　lower　lip　is　also　sometimes　held　by　the　teeth；　and　this　gives　a　roguish　expression　to　the　face；　as　was　observed　with　the　blind　and　deaf　Laura　Bridgman。＇20＇　The　great　zygomatic　muscle　is　sometimes　variable　in　its　course；　and　I　have　seen　a　young　woman　in　whom　the　_depressores　anguli　oris_　were　brought　into　strong　action　in　suppressing　a　smile；　but　this　by　no　means　gave　to　her　countenance　a　melancholy　expression；　owing　to　the　brightness　of　her　eyes。

Laughter　is　frequently　employed　in　a　forced　manner　to　conceal　or　mask　some　other　state　of　mind；　even　anger。　　We　often　see　persons　laughing　in　order　to　conceal　their　shame　or　shyness。　　When　a　person　purses　up　his　mouth；　as　if　to　prevent　the　possibility　of　a　smile；　though　there　is　nothing　to　excite　one；　or　nothing　to　prevent　its　free　indulgence；　an　affected；　solemn；　or　pedantic　expression　is　given；　but　of　such　hybrid　expressions　nothing　more　need　here　be　said。　　In　the　case　of　derision；　a　real　or　pretended　smile　or　laugh　is　often　blended　with　the　expression　proper　to　contempt；　and　this　may　pass　into　angry　contempt　or　scorn。　In　such　cases　the　meaning　of　the　laugh　or　smile　is　to　show　the　offending　person　that　he　excites　only　amusement。

_Love；　tender　feelings；　&c_。Although　the　emotion　of　love；　for　instance　that　of　a　mother　for　her　infant；　is　one　of　the　strongest　of　which　the　mind　is　capable；　it　can　hardly　be　said　to　have　any　proper　or　peculiar　means　of　expression；　and　this　is　intelligible；　as　it　has　not　habitually　led　to　any　special　line　of　action。　No　doubt；　as　affection　is　a　pleasurable　sensation；　it　generally　causes　a　gentle　smile　and　some　brightening　of　the　eyes。　A　strong　desire　to　touch　the　beloved　person　is　commonly　felt；　and　love　is　expressed　by　this　means　more　plainly　than　by　any　other。＇21＇　Hence　we　long　to　clasp　in　our　arms　those　whom　we　tenderly　love。　We　probably　owe　this　desire　to　inherited　habit；　in　association　with　the　nursing　and　tending　of　our　children；　and　with　the　mutual　caresses　of　lovers。


＇19＇　Crantz；　quoted　by　Tylor；　‘Primitive　Culture；'　1871；　Vol。　　i。　　P。　169。

＇20＇　F。　Lieber；　‘Smithsonian　Contributions；'　1851；　vol。　　ii。　　p。　　7。

With　the　lower　animals　we　see　the　same　principle　of　pleasure　derived　from　contact　in　association　with　love。　Dogs　and　cats　manifestly　take　pleasure　in　rubbing　against　their　masters　and　mistresses；　and　in　being　rubbed　or　patted　by　them。　Many　kinds　of　monkeys；　as　I　am　assured　by　the　keepers　in　the　Zoological　Gardens；　delight　in　fondling　and　being　fondled　by　each　other；　and　by　persons　to　whom　they　are　attached。　Mr。　Bartlett　has　described　to　me　the　behaviour　of　two　chimpanzees；　rather　older　animals　than　those　generally　imported　into　this　country；　when　they　were　first　brought　together。　They　sat　opposite；　touching　each　other　with　their　much　protruded　lips；　and　the　one　put　his　hand　on　the　shoulder　of　the　other。　They　then　mutually　folded　each　other　in　their　arms。　Afterwards　they　stood　up；　each　with　one　arm　on　the　shoulder　of　the　other；　lifted　up　their　heads；　opened　their　mouths；　and　yelled　with　delight。


＇21＇　Mr。　Bain　remarks　（‘Mental　and　Moral　Science；'　1868；　p。　239）；　〃Tenderness　is　a　pleasurable　emotion；　variously　stimulated；　whose　effort　is　to　draw　human　beings　into　mutual　embrace。〃

We　Europeans　are　so　accustomed　to　kissing　as　a　mark　of　affection；　that　it　might　be　thought　to　be　innate　in　mankind；　but　this　is　not　the　case。　Steele　was　mistaken　when　he　said　〃Nature　was　its　author；　and　it　began　with　the　first　courtship。〃　　Jemmy　Button；　the　Fuegian；　told　me　that　this　practice　was　unknown　in　his　land。　　It　is　equally　unknown　with　the　New　Zealanders；　Tahitians；　Papuans；　Australians；　Somals　of　Africa；　and　the　Esquimaux。〃　　But　it　is　so　far　innate　or　natural　that　it　apparently　depends　on　pleasure　from　close　contact　with　a　beloved　person；　and　it　is　replaced　in　various　parts　of　the　world；　by　the　rubbing　of　noses；　as　with　the　New　Zealanders　and　Laplanders；　by　the　rubbing　or　patting　of　the　arms；　breasts；　or　stomachs；　or　by　one　man　striking　his　own　face　with　the　hands　or　feet　of　another。　　Perhaps　the　practice　of　blowing；　as　a　mark　of　affection；　on　various　parts　of　the　body　may　depend　on　the　same　principle。＇23＇

The　feelings　which　are　called　tender　are　difficult　to　analyse；　they　seem　to　be　compounded　of　affection；　joy；　and　especially　of　sympathy。　These　feelings　are　in　themselves　of　a　pleasurable　nature；　excepting　when　pity　is　too　deep；　or　horror　is　aroused；　as　in　hearing　of　a　tortured　man　or　animal。　They　are　remarkable　under　our　present　point　of　view　from　so　readily　exciting　the　secretion　of　tears。　　Many　a　father　and　son　have　wept　on　meeting　after　a　long　separation；　especially　if　the　meeting　has　been　unexpected。　No　doubt　extreme　joy　by　itself　tends　to　act　on　the　lacrymal　glands；　but　on　such　occasions　as　the　foregoing　vague　thoughts　of　the　grief　which　would　have　been　felt　had　the　father　and　son　never　met；　will　probably　have　passed　through　their　minds；　and　grief　naturally　leads　to　the　secretion　of　tears。　Thus　on　the　return　of　Ulysses：〃Telemachus　　Rose；　and　clung　weeping　round　his　father's　breast。　　There　the　pent　grief　rained　o'er　them；　yearning　thus。　　*　　　*　　　　*　　　　*　　　　*　　　　*　　Thus　piteously　they　wailed　in　sore　unrest；　　And　on　their　weepings　had　gone　down　the　day；　　But　that　at　last　Telemachus　found　words　to　say。〃　_Worsley's　Translation　of　the　Odyssey_；　Book　xvi。　　st。　　27。

So　again　when　Penelope　at　last　recognized　her　husband：

　　　　　〃Then　from　her　eyelids　the　quick　tears　did　start　　　　　　And　she　ran　to　him　from　her　place；　and　threw　　　　　　Her　arms　about　his　neck；　and　a　warm　dew　　　　　　Of　kisses　poured　upon　him；　and　thus　spake：〃　Book　xxiii。　　st。　　27。



＇22＇　Sir　J。　Lubbock；　‘Prehistoric　Times；'　2nd　edit。　1869；　p。　　552；　gives　full　authorities　for　these　statements。　The　quotation　from　Steele　is　taken　from　this　work。

＇23＇　See　a　full　acount；｛sic｝　with　references；　by　E。　B。　Tylor；　‘Researches　into　the　Early　History　of　Mankind；'　2nd　edit。　　1870；　p。　　51。


The　vivid　recollection　of　our　former　home；　or　of　long…past　happy　days；　readily　causes　the　eyes　to　be　suffused　with　tears；　but　here；　again；　the　thought　naturally　occurs　that　these　days　will　never　return。　In　such　cases　we　may　be　said　to　sympathize　with　ourselves　in　our　present；　in　comparison　with　our　former；　state。　　Sympathy　with　the　distresses　of　others；　even　with　the　imaginary　distresses　of　a　heroine　in　a　pathetic　story；　for　whom　we　feel　no　affection；　readily　excites　tears。　So　does　sympathy　with　the　happiness　of　others；　as　with　that　of　a　lover；　at　last　successful　after　many　hard　trials　in　a　well…told　tale。

Sympathy　appears　to　constitute　a　separate　or　distinct　emotion；　and　it　is　especially　apt　to　excite　the　lacrymal　glands。　This　holds　good　whether　we　give　or　receive　sympathy。　Every　one　must　have　noticed　how　readily　children　burst　out　crying　if　we　pity　them　for　some　small　hurt。　　With　the　melancholic　insane；　as　Dr。　Crichton　Browne　informs　me；　a　kind　word　will　often　plunge　them　into　unrestrained　weeping。　　As　soon　as　we　express　our　pity　for　the　grief　of　a　friend；　tears　often　come　into　our　own　eyes。　The　feeling　of　sympathy　is　commonly　explained　by　assuming　that；　when　we　see　or　hear　of　suffering　in　another；　the　idea　of　suffering　is　called　up　so　vividly　in　our　own　minds　that　we　ourselves　suffer。　But　this　explanation　is　hardly　sufficient；　for　it　does　not　account　for　the　intimate　alliance　between　sympathy　and　affection。　We　undoubtedly　sympathize　far　more　deeply　with　a　beloved　than　with　an　indifferent　person；　and　the　sympathy　of　the　one　gives　us　far　more　relief　than　that　of　the　other。　　Yet　assuredly　we　can　sympathize　with　those　for　whom　we　feel　no　affection。

Why　suffering；　when　actually　experienced　by　ourselves；　excites　weeping；　has　been　discussed　in　a　former　chapter。　With　respect　to　joy；　its　natural　and　universal　expression　is　laughter；　and　with　all　the　races　of　man　loud　laughter　leads　to　the　secretion　of　tears　more　freely　than　does　any　other　cause　excepting　distress。　The　suffusion　of　the　eyes　with　tears；　which　undoubtedly　occurs　under　great　joy；　though　there　is　no　laughter；　can；　as　it　seems　to　me；　be　explained　through　habit　and　association　on　the　same　principles　as　the　effusion　of　tears　from　grief；　although　there　is　no　screaming。　Nevertheless　it　is　not　a　little　remarkable　that　sympathy　with　the　distresses　of　others　should　excite　tears　more　freely　than　our　own　distress；　and　this　certainly　is　the　case。　Many　a　man；　from　whose　eyes　no　suffering　of　his　own　could　wring　a　tear；　has　shed　tears　at　the　sufferings　of　a　beloved　friend。　It　is　still　more　remarkable　that　sympathy　with　the　happiness　or　good　fortune　of　those　whom　we　tenderly　love　should　lead　to　the　same　result；　whilst　a　similar　happiness　felt　by　ourselves　would　leave　our　eyes　dry。　We　should；　however；　bear　in　mind　that　the　long…continued　habit　of　restraint　which　is　so　powerful　in　checking　the　free　flow　of　tears　from　bodily　pain；　has　not　been　brought　into　play　in　preventing　a　moderate　effusion　of　tears　in　sympath