the expression of emotion in man and animals-第36节

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ears；　raised　up　his　two　hands；　blessed　the　goat；　turned　round；　and　without　looking　again；　went　away。

_On　the　cause　of　the　obliquity　of　the　eyebrows　under　suffering_。　During　several　years　no　expression　seemed　to　me　so　utterly　perplexing　as　this　which　we　are　here　considering。　　Why　should　grief　or　anxiety　cause　the　central　fasciae　alone　of　the　frontal　muscle　together　with　those　round　the　eyes；　to　contract？　　Here　we　seem　to　have　a　complex　movement　for　the　sole　purpose　of　expressing　grief；　and　yet　it　is　a　comparatively　rare　expression；　and　often　overlooked。　I　believe　the　explanation　is　not　so　difficult　as　it　at　first　appears。　Dr。　Duchenne　gives　a　photograph　of　the　young　man　before　referred　to；　who；　when　looking　upwards　at　a　strongly　illuminated　surface；　involuntarily　contracted　his　grief…muscles　in　an　exaggerated　manner。　I　had　entirely　forgotten　this　photograph；　when　on　a　very　bright　day　with　the　sun　behind　me；　I　met；　whilst　on　horseback；　a　girl　whose　eyebrows；　as　she　looked　up　at　me；　became　extremely　oblique；　with　the　proper　furrows　on　her　forehead。　　I　have　observed　the　same　movement　under　similar　circumstances　on　several　subsequent　occasions。　On　my　return　home　I　made　three　of　my　children；　without　giving　them　any　clue　to　my　object；　look　as　long　and　as　attentively　as　they　could；　at　the　summit　of　a　tall　tree　standing　against　an　extremely　bright　sky。　With　all　three；　the　orbicular；　corrugator；　and　pyramidal　muscles　were　energetically　contracted；　through　reflex　action；　from　the　excitement　of　the　retina；　so　that　their　eyes　might　be　protected　from　the　bright　light。　But　they　tried　their　utmost　to　look　upwards；　and　now　a　curious　struggle；　with　spasmodic　twitchings；　could　be　observed　between　the　whole　or　only　the　central　portion　of　the　frontal　muscle；　and　the　several　muscles　which　serve　to　lower　the　eyebrows　and　close　the　eyelids。　The　involuntary　contraction　of　the　pyramidal　caused　the　basal　part　of　their　noses　to　be　transversely　and　deeply　wrinkled。　In　one　of　the　three　children；　the　whole　eyebrows　were　momentarily　raised　and　lowered　by　the　alternate　contraction　of　the　whole　frontal　muscle　and　of　the　muscles　surrounding　the　eyes；　so　that　the　whole　breadth　of　the　forehead　was　alternately　wrinkled　and　smoothed。　In　the　other　two　children　the　forehead　became　wrinkled　in　the　middle　part　alone；　rectangular　furrows　being　thus　produced；　and　the　eyebrows　were　rendered　oblique；　with　their　inner　extremities　puckered　and　swollen；　in　the　one　child　in　a　slight　degree；　in　the　other　in　a　strongly　marked　manner。　　This　difference　in　the　obliquity　of　the　eyebrows　apparently　depended　on　a　difference　in　their　general　mobility；　and　in　the　strength　of　the　pyramidal　muscles。　　In　both　these　cases　the　eyebrows　and　forehead　were　acted　on　under　the　influence　of　a　strong　light；　in　precisely　the　same　manner；　in　every　characteristic　detail；　as　under　the　influence　of　grief　or　anxiety。

Duchenne　states　that　the　pyramidal　muscle　of　the　nose　is　less　under　the　control　of　the　will　than　are　the　other　muscles　round　the　eyes。　He　remarks　that　the　young　man　who　could　so　well　act　on　his　grief…muscles；　as　well　as　on　most　of　his　other　facial　muscles；　could　not　contract　the　pyramidals。＇5＇　This　power；　however；　no　doubt　differs　in　different　persons。　The　pyramidal　muscle　serves　to　draw　down　the　skin　of　the　forehead　between　the　eyebrows；　together　with　their　inner　extremities。　The　central　fasciae　of　the　frontal　are　the　antagonists　of　the　pyramidal；　and　if　the　action　of　the　latter　is　to　be　specially　checked；　these　central　fasciae　must　be　contracted。　　So　that　with　persons　having　powerful　pyramidal　muscles；　if　there　is　under　the　influence　of　a　bright　light　an　unconscious　desire　to　prevent　the　lowering　of　the　eyebrows；　the　central　fasciae　of　the　frontal　muscle　must　be　brought　into　play；　and　their　contraction；　if　sufficiently　strong　to　overmaster　the　pyramidals；　together　with　the　contraction　of　the　corrugator　and　orbicular　muscles；　will　act　in　the　manner　just　described　on　the　eyebrows　and　forehead。

When　children　scream　or　cry　out；　they　contract；　as　we　know；　the　orbicular；　corrugator；　and　pyramidal　muscles；　primarily　for　the　sake　of　compressing　their　eyes；　and　thus　protecting　them　from　being　gorged　with　blood；　and　secondarily　through　habit。　I　therefore　expected　to　find　with　children；　that　when　they　endeavoured　either　to　prevent　a　crying…fit　from　coming　on；　or　to　stop　crying；　they　would　cheek　the　contraction　of　the　above…named　muscles；　in　the　same　manner　as　when　looking　upwards　at　a　bright　light；　and　consequently　that　the　central　fasciae　of　the　frontal　muscle　would　often　be　brought　into　play。　Accordingly；　I　began　myself　to　observe　children　at　such　times；　and　asked　others；　including　some　medical　men；　to　do　the　same。　It　is　necessary　to　observe　carefully；　as　the　peculiar　opposed　action　of　these　muscles　is　not　nearly　so　plain　in　children；　owing　to　their　foreheads　not　easily　wrinkling；　as　in　adults。　But　I　soon　found　that　the　grief…muscles　were　very　frequently　brought　into　distinct　action　on　these　occasions。　　It　would　be　superfluous　to　give　all　the　cases　which　have　been　observed；　and　I　will　specify　only　a　few。　　A　little　girl；　a　year　and　a　half　old；　was　teased　by　some　other　children；　and　before　bursting　into　tears　her　eyebrows　became　decidedly　oblique。　With　an　older　girl　the　same　obliquity　was　observed；　with　the　inner　ends　of　the　eyebrows　plainly　puckered；　and　at　the　same　time　the　corners　of　the　mouth　were　drawn　downwards。　As　soon　as　she　burst　into　tears；　the　features　all　changed　and　this　peculiar　expression　vanished。　　Again；　after　a　little　boy　had　been　vaccinated；　which　made　him　scream　and　cry　violently；　the　surgeon　gave　him　an　orange　brought　for　the　purpose；　and　this　pleased　the　child　much；　as　he　stopped　crying　all　the　characteristic　movements　were　observed；　including　the　formation　of　rectangular　wrinkles　in　the　middle　of　the　forehead。　Lastly；　I　met　on　the　road　a　little　girl　three　or　four　years　old；　who　had　been　frightened　by　a　dog；　and　when　I　asked　her　what　was　the　matter；　she　stopped　whimpering；　and　her　eyebrows　instantly　became　oblique　to　an　extraordinary　degree。


＇5＇　Mecanisme　de　la　Phys。　　Humaine；　Album；　p。　　15。

Here　then；　as　I　cannot　doubt；　we　have　the　key　to　the　problem　why　the　central　fasciae　of　the　frontal　muscle　and　the　muscles　round　the　eyes　contract　in　opposition　to　each　other　under　the　influence　of　grief；whether　their　contraction　be　prolonged；　as　with　the　melancholic　insane；　or　momentary；　from　some　trifling　cause　of　distress。　　We　have　all　of　us；　as　infants；　repeatedly　contracted　our　orbicular；　corrugator；　and　pyramidal　muscles；　in　order　to　protect　our　eyes　whilst　screaming；　our　progenitors　before　us　have　done　the　same　during　many　generations；　and　though　with　advancing　years　we　easily　prevent；　when　feeling　distressed；　the　utterance　of　screams；　we　cannot　from　long　habit　always　prevent　a　slight　contraction　of　the　above…named　muscles；　nor　indeed　do　we　observe　their　contraction　in　ourselves；　or　attempt　to　stop　it；　if　slight。　　But　the　pyramidal　muscles　seem　to　be　less　under　the　command　of　the　will　than　the　other　related　muscles；　and　if　they　be　well　developed；　their　contraction　can　be　checked　only　by　the　antagonistic　contraction　of　the　central　fasciae　of　the　frontal　muscle。　The　result　which　necessarily　follows；　if　these　fasciae　contract　energetically；　is　the　oblique　drawing　up　of　the　eyebrows；　the　puckering　of　their　inner　ends；　and　the　formation　of　rectangular　furrows　on　the　middle　of　the　forehead。　As　children　and　women　cry　much　more　freely　than　men；　and　as　grown…up　persons　of　both　sexes　rarely　weep　except　from　mental　distress；　we　can　understand　why　the　grief…muscles　are　more　frequently　seen　in　action；　as　I　believe　to　be　the　case；　with　children　and　women　than　with　men；　and　with　adults　of　both　sexes　from　mental　distress　alone。　　In　some　of　the　cases　before　recorded；　as　in　that　of　the　poor　Dhangar　woman　and　of　the　Hindustani　man；　the　action　of　the　grief…muscles　was　quickly　followed　by　bitter　weeping。　　In　all　cases　of　distress；　whether　great　or　small；　our　brains　tend　through　long　habit　to　send　an　order　to　certain　muscles　to　contract；　as　if　we　were　still　infants　on　the　point　of　screaming　out；　but　this　order　we；　by　the　wondrous　power　of　the　will；　and　through　habit；　are　able　partially　to　counteract；　although　this　is　effected　unconsciously；　as　far　as　the　means　of　counteraction　are　concerned。


_On　the　depression　of　the　corners　of　the　mouth_。This　action　is　effected　by　the　_depressores　anguili　oris_　（see　letter　K　in　figs。　1　and　2）。　The　fibres　of　this　muscle　diverge　downwards；　with　the　upper　convergent　ends　attached　round　the　angles　of　the　mouth；　and　to　the　lower　lip　a　little　way　within　the　angles。＇6＇　Some　of　the　fibres　appear　to　be　antagonistic　to　the　great　zygomatic　muscle；　and　others　to　the　several　muscles　running　to　the　outer　part　of　the　upper　lip。　The　contraction　of　this　muscle　draws　downwards　and　outwards　the　corners　of　the　mouth；　including　the　outer　part　of　the　upper　lip；　and　even　in　a　slight　degree　the　wings　of　the　nostrils。　　When　the　mouth　is　closed　and　this　muscle　acts；　the　commissure　or　line　of　junction　of　the　two　lips　forms　a　curved　line　with　the　concavity　downwards；＇7＇　and　the　lips　themselves　are　generally　somewhat　protruded；　especially　the　lower　one。　The　mouth　in　this　state　is　well　repre