the expression of emotion in man and animals-第27节

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ome　tempting　fruit　within；　allowed　both　a　young　orang　and　chimpanzee　to　try　their　utmost　to　get　it　out；　but　although　they　grew　rather　cross；　they　showed　not　a　trace　of　a　frown。　Nor　was　there　any　frown　when　they　were　enraged。　　Twice　I　took　two　chimpanzees　from　their　rather　dark　room　suddenly　into　bright　sunshine；　which　would　certainly　have　caused　us　to　frown；　they　blinked　and　winked　their　eyes；　but　only　once　did　I　see　a　very　slight　frown。　　On　another　occasion；　I　tickled　the　nose　of　a　chimpanzee　with　a　straw；　and　as　it　crumpled　up　its　face；　slight　vertical　furrows　appeared　between　the　eyebrows。　I　have　never　seen　a　frown　on　the　forehead　of　the　orang。



＇18＇　Prof。　Owen　on　the　Orang；　Proc。　　Zool。　　Soc。　　1830；　p。　　28。　On　the　Chimpanzee；　see　Prof。　Macalister；　in　Annals　and　Mag。　of　Nat。　　Hist。　　vol。　　vii。　　1871；　p。　　342；　who　states　that　the　_corrugator　supercilii_　is　inseparable　from　the　_orbicularis　palpebrarum_。

The　gorilla；　when　enraged；　is　described　as　erecting　its　crest　of　hair；　throwing　down　its　under　lip；　dilating　its　nostrils；　and　uttering　terrific　yells。　　Messrs。　　Savage　and　Wyman＇19＇　state　that　the　scalp　can　be　freely　moved　backwards　and　forwards；　and　that　when　the　animal　is　excited　it　is　strongly　contracted；　but　I　presume　that　they　mean　by　this　latter　expression　that　the　scalp　is　lowered；　for　they　likewise　speak　of　the　young　chimpanzee；　when　crying　out；　as　having　the　eyebrows　strongly　contracted。〃　The　great　power　of　movement　in　the　scalp　of　the　gorilla；　of　many　baboons　and　other　monkeys；　deserves　notice　in　relation　to　the　power　possessed　by　some　few　men；　either　through　reversion　or　persistence；　of　voluntarily　moving　their　scalps。＇20＇

_Astonishment；　Terror_A　living　fresh…water　turtle　was　placed　at　my　request　in　the　same　compartment　in　the　Zoological　Gardens　with　many　monkeys；　and　they　showed　unbounded　astonishment；　as　well　as　some　fear。　This　was　displayed　by　their　remaining　motionless；　staring　intently　with　widely　opened　eyes；　their　eyebrows　being　often　moved　up　and　down。　Their　faces　seemed　somewhat　lengthened。　　They　occasionally　raised　themselves　on　their　hind…legs　to　get　abetter　view。　　They　often　retreated　a　few　feet；　and　then　turning　their　heads　over　one　shoulder；　again　stared　intently。　It　was　curious　to　observe　how　much　less　afraid　they　were　of　the　turtle　than　of　a　living　snake　which　I　had　formerly　placed　in　their　compartment；＇21＇　for　in　the　course　of　a　few　minutes　some　of　the　monkeys　ventured　to　approach　and　touch　the　turtle。　　On　the　other　hand；　some　of　the　larger　baboons　were　greatly　terrified；　and　grinned　as　if　on　the　point　of　screaming　out。　When　I　showed　a　little　dressed…up　doll　to　the　_Cynopithecus　niger_；　it　stood　motionless；　stared　intently　with　widely　opened　eyes；　and　advanced　its　ears　a　little　forwards。　　But　when　the　turtle　was　placed　in　its　compartment；　this　monkey　also　moved　its　lips　in　an　odd；　rapid；　jabbering　manner；　which　the　keeper　declared　was　meant　to　conciliate　or　please　the　turtle。


＇19＇　Boston　Journal　of　Nat。　　Hist。　　1845…47；　vol。　　v。　　p。　　423。　　On　the　Chimpanzee；　ibid。　　1843…44；　vol。　　iv。　　p。　　365。

＇20＇　See　on　this　subject；　‘Descent　of　Man；'　vol。　　i。　　p。　　20。

I　was　never　able　clearly　to　perceive　that　the　eyebrows　of　astonished　monkeys　were　kept　permanently　raised；　though　they　were　frequently　moved　up　and　down。　　Attention；　which　precedes　astonishment；　is　expressed　by　man　by　a　slight　raising　of　the　eyebrows；　and　Dr。　Duchenne　informs　me　that　when　he　gave　to　the　monkey　formerly　mentioned　some　quite　new　article　of　food；　it　elevated　its　eyebrows　a　little；　thus　assuming　an　appearance　of　close　attention。　It　then　took　the　food　in　its　fingers；　and；　with　lowered　or　rectilinear　eyebrows；　scratched；　smelt；　and　examined　it；　an　expression　of　reflection　being　thus　exhibited。　　Sometimes　it　would　throw　back　its　head　a　little；　and　again　with　suddenly　raised　eyebrows　re…examine　and　finally　taste　the　food。

In　no　case　did　any　monkey　keep　its　mouth　open　when　it　was　astonished。　Mr。　Sutton　observed　for　me　a　young　orang　and　chimpanzee　during　a　considerable　length　of　time；　and　however　much　they　were　astonished；　or　whilst　listening　intently　to　some　strange　sound；　they　did　not　keep　their　mouths　open。　This　fact　is　surprising；　as　with　mankind　hardly　any　expression　is　more　general　than　a　widely　open　mouth　under　the　sense　of　astonishment。　As　far　as　I　have　been　able　to　observe；　monkeys　breathe　more　freely　through　their　nostrils　than　men　do；　and　this　may　account　for　their　not　opening　their　mouths　when　they　are　astonished；　for；　as　we　shall　see　in　a　future　chapter；　man　apparently　acts　in　this　manner　when　startled；　at　first　for　the　sake　of　quickly　drawing　a　full　inspiration；　and　afterwards　for　the　sake　of　breathing　as　quietly　as　possible。


＇21＇　‘Descent　of　Man；'　vol；　i。　　p；　43。

Terror　is　expressed　by　many　kinds　of　monkeys　by　the　utterance　of　shrill　screams；　the　lips　being　drawn　back；　so　that　the　teeth　are　exposed。　The　hair　becomes　erect；　especially　when　some　anger　is　likewise　felt。　Mr。　Sutton　has　distinctly　seen　the　face　of　the　_Macacus　rhesus_　grow　pale　from　fear。　　Monkeys　also　tremble　from　fear；　and　sometimes　they　void　their　excretions。　　I　have　seen　one　which；　when　caught；　almost　fainted　from　an　excess　of　terror。


Sufficient　facts　have　now　been　given　with　respect　to　the　expressions　of　various　animals。　　It　is　impossible　to　agree　with　Sir　C。　Bell　when　he　says＇22＇　that　〃the　faces　of　animals　seem　chiefly　capable　of　expressing　rage　and　fear；〃　and　again；　when　he　says　that　all　their　expressions　〃may　be　referred；　more　or　less　plainly；　to　their　acts　of　volition　or　necessary　instincts。〃　He　who　will　look　at　a　dog　preparing　to　attack　another　dog　or　a　man；　and　at　the　same　animal　when　caressing　his　master；　or　will　watch　the　countenance　of　a　monkey　when　insulted；　and　when　fondled　by　his　keeper；　will　be　forced　to　admit　that　the　movements　of　their　features　and　their　gestures　are　almost　as　expressive　as　those　of　man。　　Although　no　explanation　can　be　given　of　some　of　the　expressions　in　the　lower　animals；　the　greater　number　are　explicable　in　accordance　with　the　three　principles　given　at　the　commencement　of　the　first　chapter。


＇22＇　‘Anatomy　of　Expression；'　3rd　edit。　　1844；　pp。　　138；　121。　　CHAPTER　VI。

SPECIAL　EXPRESSIONS　OF　MAN：　　SUFFERING　AND　WEEPING。

The　screaming　and　weeping　Of　infantsForms　of　features　Age　at　which　weeping　commencesThe　effects　of　habitual　restraint　on　weepingSobbingCause　of　the　contraction　of　the　muscles　round　the　eyes　during　screamingCause　of　the　secretion　of　tears。


IN　this　and　the　following　chapters　the　expressions　exhibited　by　Man　under　various　states　of　the　mind　will　be　described　and　explained；　as　far　as　lies　in　my　power。　　My　observations　will　be　arranged　according　to　the　order　which　I　have　found　the　most　convenient；　and　this　will　generally　lead　to　opposite　emotions　and　sensations　succeeding　each　other。

_Suffering　of　the　body　and　mind：　　weeping_。I　have　already　described　in　sufficient　detail；　in　the　third　chapter；　the　signs　of　extreme　pain；　as　shown　by　screams　or　groans；　with　the　writhing　of　the　whole　body　and　the　teeth　clenched　or　ground　together。　These　signs　are　often　accompanied　or　followed　by　profuse　sweating；　pallor；　trembling；　utter　prostration；　or　faintness。　No　suffering　is　greater　than　that　from　extreme　fear　or　horror；　but　here　a　distinct　emotion　comes　into　play；　and　will　be　elsewhere　considered。　　Prolonged　suffering；　especially　of　the　mind；　passes　into　low　spirits；　grief；　dejection；　and　despair；　and　these　states　will　be　the　subject　of　the　following　chapter。　Here　I　shall　almost　confine　myself　to　weeping　or　crying；　more　especially　in　children。

Infants；　when　suffering　even　slight　pain；　moderate　hunger；　or　discomfort；　utter　violent　and　prolonged　screams。　Whilst　thus　screaming　their　eyes　are　firmly　closed；　so　that　the　skin　round　them　is　wrinkled；　and　the　forehead　contracted　into　a　frown。　The　mouth　is　widely　opened　with　the　lips　retracted　in　a　peculiar　manner；　which　causes　it　to　assume　a　squarish　form；　the　gums　or　teeth　being　more　or　less　exposed。　　The　breath　is　inhaled　almost　spasmodically。　　It　is　easy　to　observe　infants　whilst　screaming；　but　I　have　found　photographs　made　by　the　instantaneous　process　the　best　means　for　observation；　as　allowing　more　deliberation。　I　have　collected　twelve；　most　of　them　made　purposely　for　me；　and　they　all　exhibit　the　same　general　characteristics。　I　have；　therefore；　had　six　of　them＇1＇　（Plate　I。）　reproduced　by　the　heliotype　process。

The　firm　closing　of　the　eyelids　and　consequent　compression　of　the　eyeball；and　this　is　a　most　important　element　in　various　expressions；serves　to　protect　the　eyes　from　becoming　too　much　gorged　with　blood；　as　will　presently　be　explained　in　detail。　With　respect　to　the　order　in　which　the　several　muscles　contract　in　firmly　compressing　the　eyes；　I　am　indebted　to　Dr。　Langstaff；　of　Southampton；　for　some　observations；　which　I　have　since　repeated。　The　best　plan　for　observing　the　order　is　to　make　a　person　first　raise　his　eyebrows；　and　this　produces　transverse　wrinkles　across　the　forehead；　and　then　very　gradually　to　contract　all　the　muscles　round　the　elves　with　as　much　force　as　possible。　The　reader　who　is　unacquainted　with　the　anatomy　of　the　face；　ought　to　refer　to　p。　　24；　and　look　at　the　woodcuts　1　to　3。　The　corrugators　of　the　brow　（_corruga