the expression of emotion in man and animals-第19节

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rds；　against　any　one　who　approaches　the　water's　edge　too　closely。　Tropic　birds＇13＇　when　disturbed　on　their　nests　are　said　not　to　fly　away；　but　〃merely　to　stick　out　their　feathers　and　scream。〃　The　Barn…owl；　when　approached　〃instantly　swells　out　its　plumage；　extends　its　wings　and　tail；　hisses　and　clacks　its　mandibles　with　force　and　rapidity。〃＇14＇　So　do　other　kinds　of　owls。　Hawks；　as　I　am


＇11＇　The　Hon。　J。　Caton；　Ottawa　Acad。　　of　Nat。　　Sciences；　May；　1868；　pp。　36；　40。　　For　the　_Capra；　AEgagrus_；　‘Land　and　Water；'　1867；　p。　　37。

＇12＇　‘Land　and　Water；'　July　20；　1867；　p。　　659。

＇13＇　_Phaeton　rubricauda_：　　‘Ibis；'　vol。　　iii。　　1861；　p。　　180。


｛illust。　caption　=　FIG。　　12Hen　driving　away　a　dog　from　her　chickens。　Drawn　from　life　by　Mr。　Wood。　　informed　by　Mr。　Jenner　Weir；　likewise　ruffle　their　feathers；　and　spread　out　their　wings　and　tail　under　similar　circumstances。　　Some　kinds　of　parrots　erect　their　feathers；　and　I　have　seen　this　action　in　the　Cassowary；　when　angered　at　the　sight　of　an　Ant…eater。　Young　cuckoos　in　the　nest；　raise　their　feathers；　open　their　mouths　widely；　and　make　themselves　as　frightful　as　possible。　＇14＇　On　the　_Strix　flammea_；　Audubon；　‘Ornithological　Biography；'　1864；　vol。　　ii。　　p。　　407。　　I　have　observed　other　cases　in　the　Zoological　Gardens。Small　birds；　also；　as　I　hear　from　Mr。　Weir；　such　as　various　finches；　buntings　and　warblers；　when　angry；　｛illust。　caption　=　FIG。　　13。Swan　driving　away　an　intruder。　Drawn　from　life　by　Mr。　Wood。｝


ruffle　all　their　feathers；　or　only　those　round　the　neck；　or　they　spread　out　their　wings　and　tail…feathers。　With　their　plumage　in　this　state；　they　rush　at　each　other　with　open　beaks　and　threatening　gestures。　Mr。　Weir　concludes　from　his　large　experience　that　the　erection　of　the　feathers　is　caused　much　more　by　anger　than　by　fear。　He　gives　as　an　instance　a　hybrid　goldfinch　of　a　most　irascible　disposition；　which　when　approached　too　closely　by　a　servant；　instantly　assumes　the　appearance　of　a　ball　of　ruffled　feathers。　He　believes　that　birds　when　frightened；　as　a　general　rule；　closely　adpress　all　their　feathers；　and　their　consequently　diminished　size　is　often　astonishing。　　As　soon　as　they　recover　from　their　fear　or　surprise；　the　first　thing　which　they　do　is　to　shake　out　their　feathers。　The　best　instances　of　this　adpression　of　the　feathers　and　apparent　shrinking　of　the　body　from　fear；　which　Mr。　Weir　has　noticed；　has　been　in　the　quail　and　grass…parrakeet。＇15＇　The　habit　is　intelligible　in　these　birds　from　their　being　accustomed；　when　in　danger；　either　to　squat　on　the　ground　or　to　sit　motionless　on　a　branch；　so　as　to　escape　detection。　　Though；　with　birds；　anger　may　be　the　chief　and　commonest　cause　of　the　erection　of　the　feathers；　it　is　probable　that　young　cuckoos　when　looked　at　in　the　nest；　and　a　hen　with　her　chickens　when　approached　by　a　dog；　feel　at　least　some　terror。　Mr。　Tegetmeier　informs　me　that　with　game…cocks；　the　erection　of　the　feathers　on　the　head　has　long　been　recognized　in　the　cock…pit　as　a　sign　of　cowardice。

The　males　of　some　lizards；　when　fighting　together　during　their　courtship；　expand　their　throat　pouches　or　frills；　and　erect　their　dorsal　crests。＇16＇　But　Dr。　Gunther　does　not　believe　that　they　can　erect　their　separate　spines　or　scales。

We　thus　see　how　generally　throughout　the　two　higher　vertebrate　classes；　and　with　some　reptiles；　the　dermal　appendages　are　erected　under　the　influence　of　anger　and　fear。　　The　movement　is　effected；　as　we　know　from　Kolliker's　interesting　discovery；　by　the　contraction　of　minute；　unstriped；　involuntary　muscles；＇17＇　often　called　_arrectores　pili_；　which　are　attached　to　the　capsules　of　the　separate　hairs；　feathers；　&c。　By　the　contraction　of　these　muscles　the　hairs　can　be　instantly　erected；　as　we　see　in　a　dog；　being　at　the　same　time　drawn　a　little　out　of　their　sockets；　they　are　afterwards　quickly　depressed。　　The　vast　number　of　these　minute　muscles　over　the　whole　body　of　a　hairy　quadruped　is　astonishing。　The　erection　of　the　hair　is；　however；　aided　in　some　cases；　as　with　that　on　the　head　of　a　man；　by　the　striped　and　voluntary　muscles　of　the　underlying　_panniculus　carnosus_。　　It　is　by　the　action　of　these　latter　muscles；　that　the　hedgehog　erects　its　spines。　It　appears；　also；　from　the　researches　of　Leydig＇18＇　and　others；　that　striped　fibres　extend　from　the　panniculus　to　some　of　the　larger　hairs；　such　as　the　vibrissae　of　certain　quadrupeds。　The　_arrectores　pili_　contract　not　only　under　the　above　emotions；　but　from　the　application　of　cold　to　the　surface。　　I　remember　that　my　mules　and　dogs；　brought　from　a　lower　and　warmer　country；　after　spending　a　night　on　the　bleak　Cordillera；　had　the　hair　all　over　their　bodies　as　erect　as　under　the　greatest　terror。　We　see　the　same　action　in　our　own　_goose…skin_　during　the　chill　before　a　fever…fit。　Mr。　Lister　has　also　found；＇19＇　that　tickling　a　neighbouring　part　of　the　skin　causes　the　erection　and　protrusion　of　the　hairs。


＇15＇　_Melopsittacus　undulatus_。　　See　an　account　of　its　habits　by　Gould；　‘Handbook　of　Birds　of　Australia；'　1865；　vol。　　ii。　　p。　　82。

＇16＇　See；　for　instance；　the　account　which　I　have　given　（‘Descent　of　Man；'　vol。　　ii。　　p。　　32）　of　an　Anolis　and　Draco。

＇17＇　These　muscles　are　described　in　his　well…known　works。　I　am　greatly　indebted　to　this　distinguished　observer　for　having　given　me　in　a　letter　information　on　this　same　subject。

From　these　facts　it　is　manifest　that　the　erection　of　the　dermal　appendages　is　a　reflex　action；　independent　of　the　will；　and　this　action　must　be　looked　at；　when；　occurring　under　the　influence　of　anger　or　fear；　not　as　a　power　acquired　for　the　sake　of　some　advantage；　but　as　an　incidental　result；　at　least　to　a　large　extent；　of　the　sensorium　being　affected。　The　result；　in　as　far　as　it　is　incidental；　may　be　compared　with　the　profuse　sweating　from　an　agony　of　pain　or　terror。　Nevertheless；　it　is　remarkable　how　slight　an　excitement　often　suffices　to　cause　the　hair　to　become　erect；　as　when　two　dogs　pretend　to　fight　together　in　play。　We　have；　also；　seen　in　a　large　number　of　animals；　belonging　to　widely　distinct　classes；　that　the　erection　of　the　hair　or　feathers　is　almost　always　accompanied　by　various　voluntary　movements　by　threatening　gestures；　opening　the　mouth；　uncovering　the　teeth；　spreading　out　of　the　wings　and　tail　by　birds；　and　by　the　utterance　of　harsh　sounds；　and　the　purpose　of　these　voluntary　movements　is　unmistakable。　　Therefore　it　seems　hardly　credible　that　the　co…ordinated　erection　of　the　dermal　appendages；　by　which　the　animal　is　made　to　appear　larger　and　more　terrible　to　its　enemies　or　rivals；　should　be　altogether　an　incidental　and　purposeless　result　of　the　disturbance　of　the　sensorium。　This　seems　almost　as　incredible　as　that　the　erection　by　the　hedgehog　of　its　spines；　or　of　the　quills　by　the　porcupine；　or　of　the　ornamental　plumes　by　many　birds　during　their　courtship。　should　all　be　purposeless　actions。


＇18＇　‘Lehrbuch　der　Histologie　des　Menschen；'　1857；　s。　　82。　　I　owe　to　Prof。　W。　Turner's　kindness　an　extract　from　this　work。

＇19＇　‘Quarterly　Journal　of　Microscopical　Science；'　1853；　vol。　　i。　　p。　　262。

We　here　encounter　a　great　difficulty。　　How　can　the　contraction　of　the　unstriped　and　involuntary　_arrectores　pili_　have　been　co…ordinated　with　that　of　various　voluntary　muscles　for　the　same　special　purpose？　If　we　could　believe　that　the　arrectores　primordially　had　been　voluntary　muscles；　and　had　since　lost　their　stripes　and　become　involuntary；　the　case　would　be　comparatively　simple。　　I　am　not；　however；　aware　that　there　is　any　evidence　in　favour　of　this　view；　although　the　reversed　transition　would　not　have　presented　any　great　difficulty；　as　the　voluntary　muscles　are　in　an　unstriped　condition　in　the　embryos　of　the　higher　animals；　and　in　the　larvae　of　some　crustaceans。　Moreover　in　the　deeper　layers　of　the　skin　of　adult　birds；　the　muscular　network　is；　according　to　Leydig；＇20＇　in　a　transitional　condition；　the　fibres　exhibiting　only　indications　of　transverse　striation。

Another　explanation　seems　possible。　　We　may　admit　that　originally　the　_arrectores　pili_　were　slightly　acted　on　in　a　direct　manner；　under　the　influence　of　rage　and　terror；　by　the　disturbance　of　the　nervous　system；　as　is　undoubtedly　the　case　with　our　so…called　_goose…skin_　before　a　fever…fit。　Animals　have　been　repeatedly　excited　by　rage　and　terror　during　many　generations；　and　consequently　the　direct　effects　of　the　disturbed　nervous　system　on　the　dermal　appendages　will　almost　certainly　have　been　increased　through　habit　and　through　the　tendency　of　nerve…force　to　pass　readily　along　accustomed　channels。　We　shall　find　this　view　of　the　force　of　habit　strikingly　confirmed　in　a　future　chapter；　where　it　will　be　shown　that　the　hair　of　the　insane　is　affected　in　an　extraordinary　manner；　owing　to　their　repeated　accesses　of　fury　and　terror。　As　soon　as　with　animals　the　power　of　erection　had　thus　been　strengthened　or　increased；　they　must　often　have　seen　the　hairs　or　feathers　erected　in　rival　and　enraged　males；　and　the　bulk　of　their　bodies　thus　increased。　　In　this　case　it　appears　possible　that　they　might　have　wished　to　make　themselves　appear　larger　and　more　terrible　to　their　enemies；　by　voluntarily　assuming　a　threatening　attitude　and　uttering　harsh　cries；　such　attitudes　and　utterances　after　a　time　becoming　through　habit　instinctive。