science of logic-第59节

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because　the　object　itself　is　nothing　but　the　totality　of　the　Notion。　It　is　just　as　one…sided　to　represent
analysis　as　though　there　were　nothing　in　the　subject　matter　that　was　not　imported　into　it；　as　it　is
one…sided　to　suppose　that　the　resulting　determinations　are　merely　extracted　from　it。　The　former
view；　as　everyone　knows；　is　enunciated　by　subjective　idealism；　which　takes　the　activity　of
cognition　in　analysis　to　be　merely　a　one…sided　positing；　beyond　which　the　thing…in…itself　remains
concealed；　the　other　view　belongs　to　so…called　realism　which　apprehends　the　subjective　Notion　as
an　empty　Identity　that　receives　the　thought　determinations　into　itself　from　outside。　Analytic
cognition；　the　transformation　of　the　given　material　into　logical　determinations；　has　shown　itself　to　be
two　things　in　one：　a　positing　that　no　less　immediately　determines　itself　as　a　presupposing。
Consequently；　by　virtue　of　the　latter；　the　logical　element　may　appear　as　something　already
complete　in　the　object；　just　as　by　virtue　of　the　former　it　may　appear　as　the　product　of　a　merely
subjective　activity。　But　the　two　moments　are　not　to　be　separated；　the　logical　element　in　its　abstract
form　into　which　analysis　raises　it；　is　of　course　only　to　be　found　in　cognition；　while　conversely　it　is
something　not　merely　posited；　but　possessing　being　in　itself。　

Now　since　analytic　cognition　is　the　transformation　indicated　above；　it　does　not　pass　through　any
further　middle　term；　the　determination　is　in　so　far　immediate　and　has　just　this　meaning；　to　be
peculiar　to　the　object　and　in　itself　to　belong　to　it；　and　therefore　to　be　apprehended　from　it　without
any　subjective　mediation。　But　further；　cognition　is　supposed　also　to　be　a　progress；　an　explication
of　differences。　But　because；　in　accordance　with　the　determination　it　has　here；　it　is　Notion…less　and
undialectical；　it　possesses　only　a　given　difference；　and　its　progress　takes　place　solely　in　the
determinations　of　the　material。　It　seems　to　have　an　immanent　progress　only　in　so　far　as　the
derived　thought　determinations　can　be　analysed　afresh；　in　so　far　as　they　are　a　concrete；　the　highest
and　ultimate　point　of　this　process　of　analysis　is　the　abstract　highest　essence；　or　abstract　subjective
identity　…　and　over　against　it；　diversity。　

This　progress　is；　however；　nothing　but　the　mere　repetition　of　the　one　original　act　of　analysis；
namely；　the　fresh　determination　as　a　concrete；　of　what　has　already　been　taken　up　into　the　abstract
form　of　the　Notion；　this　is　followed　by　the　analysis　of　it；　then　by　the　determination　afresh　as　a
concrete　of　the　abstract　that　emerges　from　it；　and　so　forth。　But　the　thought　determinations　seem
also　to　contain　a　transition　within　themselves。　If　the　object　is　determined　as　a　whole；　then　of　course
one　advances　from　this　to　the　other　determination　of　part；　from　cause　to　the　other　determination
of　effect；　and　so　on。　But　here　this　is　no　advance；　since　whole　and　part；　cause　and　effect；　are
relationships　and　moreover；　for　this　formal　cognition；　relationships　complete　in　themselves　such
that　in　them　one　determination　is　already　found　essentially　linked　to　the　other。　The　subject　matter
that　has　been　determined　as　cause　or　as　part　is　ipso　facto　determined　by　the　whole　relationship；
that　is；　determined　already　by　both　sides　of　it。　Although　the　relationship　is　in　itself　something
synthetic；　yet　for　analytic　cognition　this　connection　is　as　much　a　mere　datum　as　any　other
connection　of　its　material　and　therefore　is　not　relevant　to　its　own　peculiar　business。　Whether　a
connection　of　this　kind　be　otherwise　determined　as　a　priori　or　a　posteriori　is　here　a　matter　of
indifference；　for　it　is　apprehended　as　something　found　already　there；　or；　as　it　has　also　been
described；　as　a　fact　of　consciousness　that　with　the　determination　whole　is　linked　the　determination
part；　and　so　forth。　While　Kant　has　made　the　profound　observation　that　there　are　synthetic　a
priori　principles　and　has　recognised　their　root　in　the　unity　of　self…consciousness　and　therefore　in
the　identity　of　the　Notion　with　itself；　yet　he　adopts　the　specific　connection；　the　concepts　of　relation
and　the　synthetic　principles　themselves　from　formal　logic　as　given；　their　justification　should　have
been　the　exposition　of　the　transition　of　that　simple　unity　of　self…consciousness　into　these　its
determinations　and　distinctions；　but　Kant　spared　himself　the　trouble　of　demonstrating　this　genuinely
synthetic　progress　…　the　self…producing　Notion。　


“Analytical　Science”

（b）　Synthetic　Cognition　

Analytic　cognition　is　the　first　premise　of　the　whole　syllogism　…　the　immediate　relation　of　the　Notion
to　the　object；　identity；　therefore；　is　the　determination　which　it　recognises　as　its　own；　and　analytic
cognition　is　merely　the　apprehension　of　what　is。　Synthetic　cognition　aims　at　the　comprehension
of　what　is；　that　is；　at　grasping　the　multiplicity　of　determinations　in　their　unity。　It　is　therefore　the
second　premise　of　the　syllogism　in　which　the　diverse　as　such　is　related。　Hence　its　aim　is　in　general
necessity。　The　different　terms　which　are　connected；　are　on　the　one　hand　connected　in　a　relation；
in　this　relation　they　are　related　and　at　the　same　time　mutually　indifferent　and　self…subsistent；　but　on
the　other　hand；　they　are　linked　together　in　the　Notion　which　is　their　simple　yet　determinate　unity。
Now　synthetic　cognition　passes　over；　in　the　first　instance；　from　abstract　identity　to　relation；　or
from　being　to　reflection；　and　so　far　it　is　not　the　absolute　reflection　of　the　Notion　that　the　Notion
cognises　in　its　subject　matter。　The　reality　it　gives　itself　is　the　next　stage；　namely；　the　stated　identity
of　the　different　terms　as　such；　an　identity　therefore　that　is　at　the　same　time　still　inner　and　only
necessity；　not　the　subjective　identity　that　is　for　itself；　hence　not　yet　the　Notion　as　such。　Synthetic
cognition；　therefore；　has　indeed　the　Notion　determinations　for　its　content；　and　the　object　is　posited
in　them；　but　they　only　stand　in　relation　to　one　another；　or　are　in　immediate　unity；　and　just　for　that
reason；　not　in　the　unity　by　which　the　Notion　exists　as　subject。

This　constitutes　the　finitude　of　this　cognition；　because　this　real　side　of　the　Idea　in　it　still　possesses
identity　as　an　inner　identity；　its　determinations　are　to　themselves　still　external；　because　the　identity
is　not　in　the　form　of　subjectivity；　the　Notion's　own　pervasion　of　the　object　still　lacks　individuality；
what　corresponds　to　the　Notion　in　the　object　is　indeed　no　longer　the　abstract　but　the　determinate
form　and　therefore　the　particularity　of　the　Notion；　but　the　individual　element　in　the　object　is　still
a　given　content。　Consequently；　although　this　cognition　transforms　the　objective　world　into
Notions；　it　gives　it　Notion…determinations　only　in　respect　of　form；　and　must　find　the　object　in
respect　of　its　individuality；　its　specific　determinateness；　such　cognition　is　not　yet　self…determining。
Similarly；　it　finds　propositions　and　laws；　and　proves　their　necessity；　but　not　as　a　necessity　of　the
subject　matter　in　and　for　itself；　that　is；　not　from　the　Notion；　but　as　a　necessity　of　the　cognition　that
works　on　given　determinations；　on　the　differences　of　the　phenomenal　aspect　of　the　subject　matter；
and　cognises　for　itself　the　proposition　as　a　unity　and　relationship；　or　cognises　the　ground　of
phenomena　from　the　phenomena　themselves。

We　have　now　to　consider　the　detailed　moments　of　synthetic　cognition。

1。　Definition

First；　the　still　given　objectivity　is　transformed　into　the　simple　and　first　form；　hence　into　the　form　of
the　Notion。　Accordingly　the　moments　of　this　apprehension　are　none　other　than　the　moments　of　the
Notion；　universality；　particularity　and　individuality。　The　individual　is　the　object　itself　as　an
immediate　representation；　that　which　is　to　be　defined。　The　universality　of　the　object　of　definition
we　have　found　in　the　determination　of　the　objective　judgement　or　judgement　of　necessity　to　be　the
genus；　and　indeed　the　proximate　genus；　that　is　to　say；　the　universal　with　this　determinateness　that
is　at　the　same　time　a　principle　for　the　differentiation　of　the　particular。　This　difference　the　object
possesses　in　the　specific　difference；　which　makes　it　the　determinate　species　it　is　and　is　the　basis
of　its　disjunction　from　the　remaining　species。

Definition；　in　thus　reducing　the　subject　matter　to　its　Notion；　strips　it　of　its　externalities　which　are
requisite　for　its　concrete　existence；　it　abstracts　from　what　accrues　to　the　Notion　in　its　realisation；
whereby　it　emerges　first　into　Idea；　and　secondly　into　external　existence。　Description　is　for
representation；　and　takes　in　this　further　content　that　belongs　to　reality。　But　definition　reduces　this
wealth　of　the　manifold　determinations　of　intuited　existence　to　the　simplest　moments；　the　form　of
these　simple　elements；　and　how　they　are　determined　relatively　to　one　another；　is　contained　in　the
Notion。　The　subject　matter　is　thus；　as　we　have　stated；　grasped　as　a　universal　that　is　at　the　same
time　essentially　determinate。　The　subject　matter　itself　is　the　third　factor；　the　individual；　in　which　the
genus　and　the　particularisation　are　posited　in　one；　it　is　an　immediate　that　is　posited　outside　the
Notion；　since　the　latter　is　n