science of logic-第58节

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judgement　of　truth；　in　it；　namely；　the　predicate　is　not　merely　the　objectivity　of　the　Notion；　but　the
relating　comparison　of　the　Notion　of　the　subject…matter　with　its　actuality。　This　realisation　of　the
Notion　is　theoretical　in　so　far　as　the　Notion；　as　form；　has　still　the　determination　of　subjectivity；　or
has　still　the　determination　for　the　subject　of　being　its　own　determination。　Because　cognition　is　the
Idea　as　end　as　subjective；　the　negation　of　the　world　presupposed　as　an　implicit　being　is　the　first
negation；　therefore　also　the　conclusion　in　which　the　objective　is　posited　in　the　subjective；　has　at
first　only　this　meaning；　that　the　implicit　being　is　only　posited　in　the　form　of　subjectivity；　or　in　the
Notion　determination；　and　for　this　reason　is　not；　in　that　form；　in　and　for　itself。　Thus　the　conclusion
only　attains　to　a　neutral　unity　or　a　synthesis；　that　is；　to　a　unity　of　things　that　are　originally　separate
and　only　are　externally　so　conjoined。　Since　therefore　in　this　cognition　the　Notion　posits　the　object
as　its　own；　the　Idea　in　the　first　instance　only　gives　itself　a　content　whose　basis　is　given；　and　in
which　only　the　form　of　externality　has　been　sublated。　

Accordingly；　this　cognition　still　retains　its　finitude　in　its　realised　end；　in　its　realised　end　it　has　at　the
same　time　not　attained　its　end；　and　in　its　truth　has　not　yet　arrived　at　truth。　For　in　so　far　as　in　the
result　the　content　still　has　the　character　of　a　datum；　the　presupposed　implicit　being　confronting
the　Notion　is　not　sublated；　equally　therefore　the　unity　of　Notion　and　reality；　truth；　is　also　not
contained　in　it。　Oddly　enough；　it　is　his　side　of　finitude　that　latterly　has　been　clung　to；　and　accepted
as　the　absolute　relation　of　cognition　…　as　though　the　finite　as　such　was　supposed　to　be　the
absolute！　At　this　standpoint；　the　object　is　credited　with　being　an　unknown　thing…in…itself　behind
cognition；　and　this　character　of　the　object；　and　with　it　truth　too　is　regarded　as　an　absolute　beyond
for　cognition。　In　this　view　of　cognition；　thought　determinations　in　general；　the　categories；　reflective
determinations；　as　well　as　the　for　Notion　and　its　moments　are　assigned　the　position　of　being　finite
determinations　not　in　and　for　themselves；　but　finite　in　the　sense　that　they　are　subjective　in　rely　on　to
this　empty　thing…in…itself；　the　fallacy　of　taking　this　untrue　relation　of　cognition　as　the　true　relation
has　become　the　universal　opinion　of　modern　times。　

From　this　determination　of　finite　cognition　it　is　immediately　evident　that　it　is　a　contradiction　that
sublates　itself　…　the　contradiction　of　a　truth　that　at　the　same　time　is　supposed　not　to　be　truth　…　of　a
cognition　of　what　is；　which　at　the　same　time　does　not　cognise　the　thing…in…itself。　In　the　collapse　of
this　contradiction；　its　content；　subjective　cognition　and　the　thing…in…itself；　collapses；　that　is；　proves
itself　an　untruth。　But　cognition　must；　in　the　course　of　its　own　movement；　resolve　its　finitude　and
with　it　its　contradiction；　this　examination　of　it　made　by　us　is　an　external　reflection；　but　cognition　is
itself　the　Notion；　the　Notion　that　is　its　own　end　and　therefore　through　its　realisation　fulfils　itself；　and
in　this　very　fulfilment　sublates　its　subjectivity　and　the　presupposed　implicit　being。　We　have
therefore　to　consider　cognition　in　its　own　self　in　its　positive　activity。　Since　this　Idea　is；　as　we　have
seen；　the　urge　of　the　Notion　to　realise　itself　for　itself；　its　activity　consists　in　determining　the　object；
and　by　this　determining　to　relate　itself　in　the　object　identically　to　itself。　The　object　is　in　general
something　simply　determinable；　and　in　the　Idea　it　has　this　essential　side　of　not　being　in　and　for　itself
opposed　to　the　Notion。　Because　cognition　is　still　finite；　not　speculative；　cognition；　the　presupposed
objectivity　has　not　as　yet　for　it　the　shape　of　something　that　is　in　its　own　self　simply　and　solely　the
Notion　and　that　contains　nothing　with　a　particularity　of　its　own　as　against　the　latter。　

But　the　fact　that　it　counts　as　an　implicit　beyond；　necessarily　implies　that　its　determinability　by　the
Notion　is　a　determination　it　possesses　essentially；　for　the　Idea　is　the　Notion　that　exists　for　itself；　is
that　which　is　absolutely　infinite　within　itself；　in　which　the　object　is　implicitly　sublated　and　the　end　is
now　solely　to　sublate　it　explicitly。　Hence；　though　the　object　is　presupposed　by　the　Idea　of
cognition　as　possessing　an　implicit　being；　yet　it　is　essentially　in　a　relationship　where　the　Idea；
certain　of　itself　and　of　the　nullity　of　this　opposition；　comes　to　the　realisation　of　its　Notion　in　the
object。　

In　the　syllogism　whereby　the　subjective　Idea　now　unites　itself　with　objectivity；　the　first　premise　is
the　same　form　of　immediate　seizure　and　relation　of　the　Notion　to　the　object　that　we　saw　in　the
relation　of　end。　The　determining　activity　of　the　Notion　upon　the　object　is　an　immediate
communication　of　itself　to　the　object　and　unresisted　pervasion　of　the　latter　by　the　Notion。　In　this
process　the　Notion　remains　in　pure　identity　with　itself；　but　this　its　immediate　reflection…into…self　has
equally　the　determination　of　objective　immediacy；　that　which　for　the　Notion　is　its　own
determination；　is　equally　a　being；　for　it　is　the　first　negation　of　the　presupposition。　Therefore　the
posited　determination　ranks　just　as　much　as　a　presupposition　that　has　been　merely　found；　as　an
apprehension　of　a　datum；　in　fact　the　activity　of　the　Notion　here　consists　merely　in　being　negative
towards　itself；　restraining　itself　and　making　itself　passive　towards　what　confronts　it；　in　order　that
the　latter　may　be　able　to　show　itself；　not　as　determined　by　the　subject；　but　as　it　is　in　its　own　self。　

Accordingly　in　this　premise　this　cognition　does　not　appear　even　as　an　application　of　logical
determinations；　but　as　an　acceptance　and　apprehension　of　them　just　as　given；　and　its　activity
appears　to　be　restricted　merely　to　the　removal　of　a　subjective　obstacle；　an　external　husk；　from　the
subject…matter。　This　cognition　is　analytic　cognition。　

（a）　Analytic　Cognition　

We　sometimes　find　the　difference　between　analytic　and　synthetic　cognition　stated　in　the　form　that
one　proceeds　from　the　known　to　the　unknown；　the　other　from　the　unknown　to　the　known。　But　if
this　distinction　is　closely　examined；　it　will　be　difficult　to　discover　in　it　a　definite　thought；　much　less　a
Notion。　

It　may　be　said　that　cognition　begins　in　general　with　ignorance；　for　one　does　not　learn　to　know
something　with　which　one　is　already　acquainted。　Conversely；　it　also　begins　with　the　known；　this　is
a　tautological　proposition；　that　with　which　it　begins；　which　therefore　it　actually　cognises；　is　ipso
facto　something　known；　what　is　not　as　yet　known　and　is　to　be　known　only　later　is　still　an
unknown。　So　far；　then；　it　must　be　said　that　cognition；　once　it　has　begun；　always　proceeds　from　the
known　to　the　unknown。　

The　distinguishing　feature　of　analytic　cognition　is　already　defined　in　the　fact　that　as　the　first　premise
of　the　whole　syllogism；　analytic　cognition　does　not　as　yet　contain　mediation；　it　is　the　immediate
communication　of　the　Notion　and　does　not　as　yet　contain　otherness；　and　in　it　the　activity　empties
itself　of　its　negativity。　However；　this　immediacy　of　the　relation　is　for　that　reason　itself　a　mediation；
for　it　is　the　negative　relation　of　the　Notion　to　the　object；　but　a　relation　that　annuls　itself；　thereby
making　itself　simple　and　identical。　This　reflection…into…self　is　only　subjective；　because　in　its
mediation　the　difference　is　present　still　only　in　the　form　of　the　presupposed　implicit　difference；　as
difference　of　the　object　within　itself。　The　determination；　therefore；　brought　about　by　this　relation；
is　the　form　of　simple　identity；　of　abstract　universality。　Accordingly；　analytic　cognition　has　in
general　this　identity　for　its　principle；　and　transition　into　an　other；　the　connection　of　different　terms；
is　excluded　from　itself　and　from　its　activity。　

If　we　look　now　more　closely　at　analytic　cognition；　we　see　that　it　starts　from　a　presupposed；　and
therefore　individual；　concrete　subject　matter；　this　may　be　an　object　already　complete　in　itself　for
ordinary　thought；　or　it　may　be　a　problem；　that　is　to　say；　given　only　in　its　circumstances　and
conditions；　but　not　yet　disengaged　from　them　and　presented　on　its　own　account　in　simple
self…subsistence。　Now　the　analysis　of　this　subject　matter　cannot　consist　in　its　being　merely
resolved　into　the　particular　picture　thoughts　which　it　may　contain；　such　a　resolution　and　the
apprehension　of　such　picture　thoughts　is　a　business　that　would　not　belong　to　cognition；　but　would
merely　be　a　matter　of　a　closer　acquaintance；　a　determination　within　the　sphere　of
picture…thinking。　Since　analysis　is　based　on　the　Notion；　its　products　are　essentially
Notion…determinations；　and　that　too　as　determinations　immediately　contained　in　the　subject
matter。　

We　have　seen　from　the　nature　of　the　Idea　of　cognition；　that　the　activity　of　the　subjective　Notion
must　be　regarded　from　one　side　merely　as　the　explication　of　what　is　already　in　the　object；
because　the　object　itself　is　nothing　but　the　totality　of　the　Notion。　It　is　just　as　one…sided　to　represent
analysis　as　though　there　were　nothing　in　the　sub