science of logic-第40节
按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页，按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页，按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部！
————未阅读完？加入书签已便下次继续阅读！
accidental。 If the judgments of existence may also be defined as judgments of inherence；
judgments of reflection are； on the contrary； judgments of subsumption。
（a） The Singular Judgment
（b） The Particular Judgment
（c） The Universal Judgment
C。 THE JUDGMENT OF NECESSITY
The determination to which universality has advanced is； as we have seen； the universality which
is in and for itself or objective； to which in the sphere of essence substantiality corresponds。 It
is distinguished from the latter in that it belongs to the Notion and is therefore not merely the inner
but also the posited necessity of its determinations； or； in other words； the difference is immanent
in it； whereas substance has its difference only in its accidents； but not as principle within itself。
Now in the judgment； this objective universality is posited； first； therefore； with this its essential
determinateness as immanent in it； secondly； with its determinateness distinguished from it as
particularity； of which this universality constitutes the substantial basis。 In this way it is determined
as genus and species。
（a） The Categorical Judgment
（b） The Hypothetical Judgment
（c） The Disjunctive Judgment
D。 THE JUDGMENT OF THE NOTION
The ability to form judgments of existence such as 'the rose is red'； 'snow is white'； and so forth；
will hardly count as evidence of great powers of judgment。 The judgments of reflection are
rather propositions； in the judgment of necessity the object appears； it is true； in its objective
universality； but it is only in the judgment now to be considered that its relation to the Notion is
found。 In this judgment the Notion is laid down as the basis； and since it is in relation to the
object； it is an ought…to…be to which the reality may or may not be adequate。 Therefore it is only a
judgment of this kind that contains a true appreciation； the predicates good； bad； true； beautiful；
correct； etc。 express that the thing is measured against its universal Notion as the simply
presupposed ought…to…be and is； or is not； in agreement with it。
The judgment of the Notion has been called the judgment of modality and it has been regarded as
containing that form of the relationship between subject and predicate which is found in an external
understanding； and to be concerned with the value of the copula only in relation to thinking。
According to this view； the problematical judgment is one where the affirmation or denial is taken
as optional or possible； the assertoric； where it is taken as true； that is as actual； and the
apodeictic； where it is taken as necessary。 It is easy to see why it is so natural in the case of this
judgment to step out of the sphere of judgment itself and to regard its determination as something
merely subjective。 For here it is the Notion； or the subjective； that reappears in the judgment and
stands in relationship to an external actuality。 But this subjectivity is not to be confused with
external reflection； which of course is also something subjective； but in a different sense from the
Notion itself； on the contrary； the Notion that re…emerges from the disjunctive judgment is the
opposite of a mere contingent mode。 The earlier judgments are in this sense merely subjective；
for they are based on an abstraction and one…sidedness in which the Notion is lost。 The judgment
of the Notion； on the contrary； is objective and the truth as against those earlier judgments； just
because it has for its basis the Notion； not the Notion in external reflection or in relation to a
subjective； that is contingent； thinking； but the Notion in its determinateness as Notion。
In the disjunctive judgment the Notion was posited as identity of the universal nature with its
particularisation； consequently the relation of the judgment was cancelled。 This concretion of
universality and particularisation is； at first； a simple result； it has now to develop itself further into
totality； since the moments which it contains are at first swallowed up in it and as yet do not
confront one another in determinate self…subsistence。 The defect of the result may also be more
definitely expressed by saying that in the disjunctive judgment； although objective universality has
completed itself in its particularisation； yet the negative unity of the latter merely returns into the
former and has not yet determined itself to the third moment； that of individuality。 Yet in so far
as the result itself is negative unity； it is indeed already this individuality； but as such it is only
this one determinateness； which has now to posit its negativity； sunder itself into the extremes and
in this way finally develop into the syllogism。
The proximate diremption of this unity is the judgment in which it is posited first as subject； as an
immediate individual； and then as predicate； as the determinate relation of its moments。
（a） The Assertoric Judgment
（b） The Problematic Judgment
（c） The Apodetic Judgment
。。。 This judgment； then； is truly objective； or it is the truth of the judgment in general。 Subject and
predicate correspond to each other and have the same content； and this content is itself the
posited concrete universality； it contains； namely； the two moments； the objective universal or
the enus； and the individualised universal。 Here； therefore； we have the universal which is itself
and continues itself through its opposite and is a universal only as unity with this opposite。 A
universal of this kind； such as the predicate good； suitable； correct； etc。； is based on an
ought…to…be and at the same time contains the correspondence of existence to that ought…to…be；
it is not this ought…to…be or the genus by itself； but this correspondence that is the universality
which constitutes the predicate of the apodeictic judgment。
The subject likewise contains these two moments in immediate unity as the fact。 But it is the truth
of the fact that it is internally split into what it ought…to…be and what it is； this is the absolute
judgment on all actuality。 It is because this original partition； which is the omnipotence of the
Notion； is just as much a return into its unity and an absolute relation of the ought…to…be and being
to each other that makes what is actual into a fact； its inner relation； this concrete identity；
constitutes the soul of the fact。
The transition from the immediate simplicity of the fact to the correspondence which is the
determinate relation of its ought…to…be and its being…or the copula…is now seen； on closer
examination； to lie in the particular determinateness of the fact。 The genus is the universal in and
for itself； which as such appears as the unrelated； while the determinateness is that which in that
universal is reflected into itself； yet at the same time is reflected into an other。 The judgment
therefore has its ground in the constitution of the subject and thereby is apodeictic。 Hence we
now have before us the determinate and fulfilled copula； which formerly consisted in the
abstract 'is'； but has now further developed itself into ground in general。 It appears at first as an
immediate determinateness in the subject； but it is no less the relation to the predicate which has
no other content than this very correspondence； or the relation of the subject to the universality。
Thus the form of the judgment has perished； first because subject and predicate are in themselves
the same content； secondly because the subject through its determinateness points beyond itself
and relates itself to the predicate； but also； thirdly； this relating has passed over into the
predicate； alone。 constitutes its content； and is thus the posited relation； or the judgment itself。
Thus the concrete identity of the Notion which was the result of the disjunctive judgment and
which constitutes the inner basis of the Notion judgment…which identity was at first posited only in
the predicate…is now restored in the whole。
If we examine the positive element of this result which effects the transition of the judgment into
another form； we find； as we have seen； that subject and predicate in the apodeictic judgment are
each the whole Notion。 The unity of the Notion as the determinateness constituting the copula
that relates them； is at the same time distinct from them。 At first； it stands only on the other side of
the subject as the latter's immediate constitution。 But since it is essentially that which relates
subject and predicate； it is not merely such immediate constitution but the universal that
permeates both subject and predicate。 While subject and predicate have the same content； the
form relation； on the other hand； is posited through this determinateness； determinateness as a
universal or particularity。 Thus it contains within itself the two form determinations of the
extremes and is the determinate relation of subject and predicate； it is the fulfilled copula of the
judgment； the copula pregnant with content； the unity of the Notion that has re…emerged from
the judgment in which it was lost in the extremes。 Through this impregnation of the copula the
judgment has become the syllogism。
THE DOCTRINE OF THE
