science of logic-第16节

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across　empty　space　since　there　is　no　intervening　matter　to　limit　it'。　This　distinction　is　much　the　same
as　the　one　mentioned　above　where　a　determination　was　supposed　to　belong　to　the　concept　of　a
thing　but　not　to　be　contained　in　it；　here；　then；　matter　is　supposed　only　to　occupy　a　space　but　not　to
fill　it。　There　it　is　repulsion；　if　we　stop　at　the　first　determination　of　matter；　through　which　the　ones
repel　one　another　and　so　are　only　negatively　related　to　one　another；　here　that　means；　by　empty
space。　Here；　however；　it　is　the　force　of　attraction　which　keeps　space　empty；　it　does　not　fill　space
by　its　connection　of　the　atoms；　in　other　words；　it　keeps　the　atoms　in　a　negative　relation　to　one
another。　We　see　that　Kant　here　unconsciously　realises　what　is　implicit　in　the　nature　of　the　subject
matter；　when　he　attributes　to　the　force　of　attraction　precisely　what；　in　accordance　with　the　first
determination；　he　attributed　to　the　opposite　force。　While　he　was　busy　with　establishing　the
difference　between　the　two　forces；　it　happened　that　one　had　passed　over　into　the　other。　Thus
through　repulsion；　on　the　other　hand；　matter　is　supposed　to　fill　a　space；　and　consequently　through
repulsion　the　empty　space　left　by　the　force　of　attraction　vanishes。　In　point　of　fact　repulsion；　in
doing　away　with　empty　space；　also　destroys　the　negative　relation　of　the　atoms　or　ones；　that　is；
their　repulsion　of　one　another；　in　…other　words；　repulsion　is　determined　as　the　opposite　of　itself。

To　this　effacing　of　the　differences　there　is　added　the　confusion　arising　from　the　fact　that；　as　we
observed　at　the　beginning；　Kant's　exposition　of　the　opposed　forces　is　analytic；　and　whereas　matter
is　supposed　to　be　derived　from　its　elements；　it　is　presented　throughout　the　entire　discourse　as
already　formed　and　constituted。　In　the　definition　of　surface　and　penetrative　force　both　are　assumed
as　motive　forces　by　means　of　which　matter　is　supposed　to　be　able　to　act　in　one　or　other　of　these
ways。　Here；　therefore；　they　are　represented　as　forces；　not　through　which　matter　first　comes　into
being　but　through　which　matter；　as　an　already　finished　product；　is　only　set　in　motion。　But　in　so　far
as　we　are　speaking　of　the　forces　through　which　different　bodies　act　on　one　another　and　are　set　in
motion；　this　is　something　quite　different　from　the　determination　and　relation　which　these　forces
were　supposed　to　have　as　＇constitutive＇　moments　of　matter。

The　same　opposition　of　attractive　and　repulsive　forces　is　made　by　their　more　developed　form　of
centripetal　and　centrifugal　forces。　These　appear　to　offer　an　essential　distinction；　since　in　their
sphere　there　is　a　fixed　single　one；　a　centre；　in　relation　to　which　the　other　ones　behave　as　not　for
themselves；　so　that　the　difference　between　the　forces　can　be　linked　to　this　presupposed　difference
between　a　single　central　one　and　the　others　which　are　not　independent　relatively　to　it。　But　if　they
are　to　be　used　for　explanation…for　which　purpose　they　are　assumed　to　be　（like　the　forces　of
repulsion　and　attraction）　in　an　inverse　quantitative　ratio　so　that　the　one　increases　as　the　other
decreases…then　the　phenomenon　of　the　motion　and　its　inequality　ought　to　be　the　result　of　these
forces　which　were　assumed　for　the　purpose　of　explanation。　However；　one　need　only　examine　the
accounts　（any　of　them　will　do）　of　a　phenomenon　like　the　unequal　velocity　of　a　planet　in　its　orbit
round　the　sun；　based　on　the　opposition　of　these　forces；　to　become　aware　of　the　confusion　which
prevails　in　such　explanations；　and　the　impossibility　of　disentangling　the　magnitudes　of　the　forces；　so
that　the　one　which　in　the　explanation　is　assumed　to　be　decreasing　can　just　as　well　be　assumed　to
be　increasing；　and　vice　versa。　To　make　this　evident　would　require　a　lengthier　exposition　than
could　be　given　here；　but　what　is　necessary　for　this　purpose　is　adduced　later　on　in　connection　with
the　inverted　relation。

　　　　　　　Section　Two：　Magnitude　（Quantity）

The　difference　between　quantity　and　quality　has　been　stated。　Quality　is　the　first；　immediate
determinateness；　quantity　is　the　determinateness　which　has　become　indifferent　to　being；　a　limit
which　is　just　as　much　no　limit；　being…for…self　which　is　absolutely　identical　with　being…for…other…a
repulsion　of　the　many　ones　which　is　directly　the　non…repulsion；　the　continuity　of　them。

Because　that　which　is　for　itself　is　now　posited　as　not　excluding　its　other；　but　rather　as　affirmatively
continuing　itself　into　it；　it　is　otherness　in　so　far　as　determinate　being　again　appears　in　this
continuity　and　its　determinateness　is　at　the　same　time　no　longer　in　a　simple　self…relation；　no　longer
an　immediate　determinateness　of　the　determinately　existent　something；　but　is　posited　as
self…repelling；　as　in　fact　having　the　relation…to…self　as　a　determinateness　in　another　something
（which　is　for　itself；　and　since　they　are　at　the　same　time　indifferent；　relationless　limits　reflected　into
themselves；　the　determinateness　in　general　is　outside　itself；　an　absolutely　self…external
determinateness　and　an　equally　external　something；　such　a　limit；　the　indifference　of　the　limit　within
itself　and　of　the　something　to　the　limit；　constitutes　the　quantitative　determinateness　of　the
something。

In　the　first　place；　pure　quantity　is　to　be　distinguished　from　itself　as　a　determinate　quantity；　from
quantum。　As　the　former；　it　is　in　the　first　place　real　being…for…self　which　has　returned　into　itself　and
which　as　yet　contains　no　determinateness：　a　compact；　infinite　unity　which　continues　itself　into　itself。

Secondly；　this　develops　a　determinateness　which　is　posited　in　it　as　one　which　is　at　the　same　time
no　determinateness；　as　only　an　external　one。　It　becomes　quantum。　Quantum　is　indifferent
determinateness；　that　is；　a　self…transcending；　self…negating　determinateness；　as　this　otherness　of
otherness　it　relapses　into　the　infinite　progress。　But　the　infinite　quantum　is　the　indifferent
determinateness　sublated；　it　is　the　restoration　of　quality。

Thirdly；　quantum　in　a　qualitative　form　is　quantitative　ratio。　Quantum　transcends　itself　only　generally：
in　ratio；　however；　its　transition　into　its　otherness　is　such　that　this　otherness　in　which　it　has　its
determination　is　at　the　same　time　posited；　is　another　quantum。　Thus　quantum　has　returned　into
itself　and　in　its　otherness　is　related　to　itself。

At　the　base　of　this　ratio　there　is　still　the　externality　of　quantum；　the　quanta　which　are　related　to
each　other　are　indifferent；　that　is；　they　have　their　self…relation　in　such　self…externality。　The　ratio　is
thus　only　a　formal　unity　of　quality　and　quantity。　Its　dialectic　is　its　transition　into　their　absolute　unity；
into　Measure。

Remark：　Something's　Limit　as　Quality

Chapter　1　Quantity

Quantity　is　sublated　being…for…self；　the　repelling　one　which　related　itself　only　negatively　to　the
excluded　one；　having　passed　over　into　relation　to　it；　treats　the　other　as　identical　with　itself；　and　in
doing　so　has　lost　its　determination：　being…for…self　has　passed　over　into　attraction。　The　absolute
brittleness　of　the　repelling　one　has　melted　away　into　this　unity　which；　however；　as　containing　this
one；　is　at　the　same　time　determined　by　the　immanent　repulsion；　and　as　unity　of　the　self…externality
is　unity　with　itself。　Attraction　is　in　this　way　the　moment　of　continuity　in　quantity。

Continuity　is；　therefore；　simple；　self…same　self…relation；　which　is　not　interrupted　by　any　limit　or
exclusion；　it　is　not；　however；　an　immediate　unity；　but　a　unity　of　ones　which　possess　being…for…self。
The　asunderness　of　the　plurality　is　still　contained　in　this　unity；　but　at　the　same　time　as　not
differentiating　or　interrupting　it。　In　continuity；　the　plurality　is　posited　as　it　is　in　itself；　the　many　are
all　alike；　each　is　the　same　as　the　other　and　the　plurality　is；　consequently；　a　simple；　undifferentiated
sameness。　Continuity　is　this　moment　of　self…sameness　of　the　asunderness；　the　self…continuation　of
the　different　ones　into　those　from　which　they　are　distinguished。

In　continuity；　therefore；　magnitude　immediately　possesses　the　moment　of　discreteness…repulsion；
as　now　a　moment　in　quantity。　Continuity　is　self…sameness；　but　of　the　Many　which；　however；　do　not
become　exclusive；　it　is　repulsion　which　expands　the　selfsameness　to　continuity。　Hence
discreteness；　on　its　side；　is　a　coalescent　discreteness；　where　the　ones　are　not　connected　by　the
void；　by　the　negative；　but　by　their　own　continuity　and　do　not　interrupt　this　self…sameness　in　the
many。

Quantity　is　the　unity　of　these　moments　of　continuity　and　discreteness；　but　at　first　it　is　so　in　the　form
of　one　of　them；　continuity；　as　a　result　of　the　dialectic　of　being…for…self；　which　has　collapsed　into
the　form　of　self…identical　immediacy。　Quantity　is；　as　such；　this　simple　result　in　so　far　as
being…for…self　has　not　yet　developed　its　moments　and　posited　them　within　itself。　It　contains　them
to　begin　with　as　being…for…self　posited　as　it　is　in　truth。　The　determination　of　being…for…self　was　to
be　a　self…sublating　relation…to…self；　a　perpetual　coming…out…of…itself。　But　what　is　repelled　is　itself；
repulsion　is；　therefore；　the　creative　flowing　away　of　itself。　On　account　of　the　self…sameness　of　what
is　repelled；　this　distinguishing　or　differentiation　is　an