forty centuries of ink-第63节

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Barclay；　1859；　incorporated　with　the　paper：



1。　Soluble　ferrocyanides；　ferricyanides；　and　sulphocyanides

of　various　metals；　by　forming　dibasic　salts

with　potassium；　sodium；　or　ammonium；　in　conjunction

with　vegetable；　animal；　or　metallic　coloring　matters。



2。　Salts　of　manganese；　lead；　or　nickel　not　containing

ferrocyanogen。



3。　Ferrocyanides；　etc。；　of　potassium；　sodium；　and

ammonium；　in　conjunction　with　insoluble　salts　of

manganese；　lead；　or　nickel。



Hooper；　1860。　Employed　oxides　of　iron；　either

alone　or　dissolved　in　an　acid；　and　mixed　with　the

pulp。



Nissen；　1860。　Treated　paper　with　a　preparation　of

iron；　together　with　ammonia；　prussiate　of　potash　and

chlorine；　while　in　the　pulp　or　being　sized。



Middleton；　1860。　Joined　together　one　portion　of　a

bank　note　printed　upon　one　sheet　of　thin　paper　and

the　other　part　on　another；　the　two　were　then　cemented

together　by　india…rubber；　gutta…percha；　or　other　compound。

The　interior　printing　could　be　seen　through

its　covering　sheet；　so　that　the　whole　device　on　the

note　appeared　on　its　face。



Olier；　1861。　Employed　several　layers　of　paper　of

various　materials　and　colors；　the　middle　one　was

colored　with　a　deleble　dye；　whose　color　was　changed

by　the　application　of　chemicals　to　the　outer　layer。



Olier；　1863。　Prepared　a　paper　of　three　layers　of

different　thicknesses；　the　central　one　having　an　easily

removable　color；　and　the　external　layers　were　charged

with　silicate　of　magnesia　or　other　salt。



Forster　and　Draper；　1864。　Treating　paper　during

or　after　manufacture　with　artificial　ultramarine　and

Prussian　blue　or　other　metallic　compound。



Hayward；　1864。　Incorporated　threads　of　fibrous

materials　of　different　colors　or　characters　into　and

among　the　pulp。



Loewenberg；　1866。　Introduced　prussiate　of　potash

and　oxalic　acid　or　such　other　alkaline　salts　or　acids

into　the　pulp；　in　order　to　indicate　fraud　in　the　removal

of　cancellation　stamps　or　written　marks。



Casilear；　1868。　Printed　numbers　on　a　fugitive

ground；　tint　or　color　in　order　to　prevent　alteration　of

figures　or　numbers。



Jameson；　1870。　Printed　on　paper；　designs　with

ferrocyanide　of　potassium　and　then　soaked　the　paper

when　dry　in　a　solution　of　oxalic　acid　in　alcohol。



Duthie；　1872。　Made　a　ground　work　of　writing　ink

of　different　colors　by　any　known　means　of　pen　ruling。



Syms；　1876。　Produced　graduated　colored　stains；

which　were　made　to　partially　penetrate　and　spread　in

the　pulp　web。



Van　Nuys；　1878。　Colored　the　Paper　with　a　pigment

and　then　printed　designs　with　a　soluble　sulphide。



Casilear；　1878。　United　two　distinctive　colored

papers；　one　a　fugitive　and　the　other　a　permanent

color。



Hendrichs；　1879。　Dipped　ordinary　paper　in　an

aqueous　solution　of　sulphate　of　copper　and　carbonate

of　ammonia　and　then　added　alkaline　solutions　of

cochineal　or　equivalent　coloring　matter。



Nowlan；　1884。　Backed　the　ordinary　chemical　paper

with　a　thin　sheet　of　waterproof　paper。



Menzies；　1884。　Introduced　iodide　and　iodate　of

potassium　or　their　equivalents　into　paper。



Clapp；　1884。　Saturated　paper　with　gallo…tanic　acid；

but　the　ink　used　on　this　paper　contained　ferri…sesquichloride

or　other　similar　preparation　of　iron。



Hill；　1885。　Introduced　into　paper；　ferrocyanide　of

manganese　and　hydrated　peroxide　of　iron。



Schreiber；　1885。　Colored　paper　material　with　indigo

and　with　a　subsequent　treatment　of　chromates

soluble　only　in　alcohol。



Schreiber；　1885。　Treated　finished　paper　with　ferric…

oxide　salts　and　with　ferrocyanides　insoluble　in　water

but　soluble　in　acids。



Schlumberger；　1890。　Impregnated　white　paper　with

a　resinated　ferrous　salt；　a　resin　compound　of　plumbic

ferrocyanide；　and　a　resin　compound　of　ferrocyanide

of　manganese　in　combination　with　a　salt　of　molybdenum

and　a　resin　compound　of　zinc　sulphide。



Schlumberger；　1893。　Dyed　first　the　splash　fibers

and　mixed　them　with　the　paper　pulp。　Second。　He　also

treated　portions　of　the　surface　with　an　alkali；　so　as　to

form　lines　or　characters　thereon；　then　immersed　the

same　in　a　weak　acid；　in　order　to　produce　water…mark

lines。



Carvalho；　1894。　1。　Charged　the　paper　with　bismuth

iodide　and　sodium　iodide。　2。　Charged　the　paper　with

a　bismuth　salt　and　iodide　of　soda　in　combination　with

primulin；　congo　red　or　other　pigment。　3。　Charged　the

paper　with　a　benzidine　dye　and　an　alkaline　iodide。



1895。　Applied　a　compound；　sensitive　to　ink　erasing

chemicals；　AFTER　the　writing　has　been　placed　on　the

paper。



Hoskins　and　Weis；　1895；　a　safety　paper　having

added　thereto　a　soluble　ferrocyanide　and　a　per…salt　of

iron　insoluble　in　water　but　decomposable　by　a　weak

acid　in　the　presence　of　a　soluble　ferrocyanide；　as　and

for　the　purpose　described。　（2）　A　safety　paper　having

added　thereto　a　ferrocyanide　soluble　in　water；　a

per…salt　of　iron　insoluble　in　water　but　easily　decomposed

by　weak　acids　in　the　presence　of　a　ferrocyanide

soluble　in　water；　and　a　salt　of　manganese　easily　decomposed

by　alkalis　or　bleaching　agents；　substantially

as　described。



A　review　of　the　various　processes　for　treatment　of

paper　in　pulp　or　when　finished；　demonstrates　that

time；　money　and　study　has　been　devoted　to　the

production　of　a　REAL　safety　paper。　Some　compositions

and　processes　have　in　a　measure　been　successful。　It

is　found；　however；　that　the　ingenuity　of　those　evil…minded

persons；　to　the　detection　of　whose　efforts　to

alter　the　writing　in　documents　this　class　of　invention

has　more　particularly　been　directed；　finds　a　ready　way

of　removing　in　some　cases　the　evidence　which　the

chemical　reagent　furnishes。　This　being　true　most　of

them　have　become　obsolete；　having　entirely　failed　to

accomplish　the　purposes　for　which　they　were　invented。



There　are　but　three　so…called　safety　papers　now　on

the　market；　if　we　exclude　those　possessing　printed　designs

in　fugitive　colors。



It　is　a　strange　anomaly；　nevertheless　it　is　true；　that

90　per　cent　or　more　of　the　〃raised〃　checks；　notes；

or　other　monetary　instruments　which　were　in　their

original　condition　written　on　ordinary　or　so…called

safety　paper；　never　could　have　been　successfully　〃put

through〃　but　for　the　gross　and　at　times　criminal　negligence

of　their　writers　by　the　failure　to　adopt　precautions

of　the　very　simplest　kinds；　and　thereby

avoided　placing　temptation　in　the　way　of　many　who

under　other　circumstances　would　never　have　thought

of　becoming　forgers。



There　is　no　safety　paper；　safety　ink；　or　mechanical

appliance　which　will　prevent　the　insertion　of　words　or

figures　before　other　words　or　figures　if　a　blank　space

be　left　where　the　forger　can　place　them。







CHAPTER　XXXII。



CURIOSA　（INK　AND　OTHER　WRITING　MATERIALS）。



ARTIFICIAL　INK　AND　PAPER　OWE　THEIR　INVENTION　TO

THE　WASPPHoeNICIA；　〃LAND　OF　THE　PURPLE…DYE〃

LINES；　ADDRESSED　TO　THE　PHoeNICIANOLDEST

EXISTING　PIECE　OF　LITERARY　COMPOSITIONWHERE

PAPYRUS　STILL　GROWSDU　CANGE'S　LINES　ON　THE

STYLUSMATERIALS　USED　TO　PROMULGATE　ANCIENT

LAWS　OF　GREECEANCIENT　METHOD　OF　WRITING

WILLSMATERIALS　EMPLOYED　IN　ANCIENT　HEBREW

ROLLSANTIQUITY　OF　EXISTING　HEBREW　WRITING

OLDEST　SPECIMEN　OF　GREEK　WAX　WRITING

WOODEN　TALLIES　AS　EMPLOYED　IN　ENGLANDWHEN

WRITING　IN　GOLD　CEASEDDATE　OF　THE　FIRST　DISCOVERY

OF　GREEK　PAPYRUS　IN　EGYPTPERIODS　TO

WHICH　BELONG　VARIOUS　STYLES　OF　WRITINGANECDOTE

AND　POEM　ABOUT　THE　FIRST　GOLD　PENINTERESTING

NOTES　ABOUT　PENS　AND　INK…HORNSEMPLOYMENT

OF　THE　PEN　AS　A　BADGE　IN　THE　FOURTEENTH

CENTURYSOME　LINES　BY　COCKERTHE　OLDEST

EXISTING　WRITTEN　DOCUMENTS　OF　RUSSIAWHEN

SEALING　WAX　WAS　FIRST　EMPLOYEDPLINY'S

DESCRIPTION　OF　THE　DIFFERENT　KINDS　OF　PAPYRUS

PAPERMODE　OF　PRESERVING　THE　ANCIENT　PAPYRUS

ROLLSSUGGESTIONS　RESPECTING　USES　OF　INK

COMPARATIVE　TABLE　ABOUT　COAL　TAR　AND　ITS　BY…

PRODUCTSCOMPOSITIONS　OF　SECRET　INKS　AND　HOW

TO　RENDER　THEM　VISIBLECHARACTER　OF　INK　EMPLOYED

FOR　MANY　YEARS　BY　THE　WASHINGTON　PATENT

OFFICEFACTS　ELICITED　BY　HERAPATH　IN　THE　UNROLLMENT

OF　A　MUMMYLINES　FROM　SHAKESPEARE

AND　PERSEUSSEVENTEENTH　CENTURY　OBSERVATIONS

ABOUT　SECRET　INKSCAUSE　OF　THE　DESTRUCTION

OF　MANY　ANCIENT　MSS。METHODS　TO　BE　EMPLOYED

IN　THE　RESTORATION　OF　SOME　OLD　INKS

VARIATIONS　IN　THE　MEANING　OF　WORDSTHE　POUNCE

BOX　PRECEDED　BLOTTING　PAPERSOME　OBSERVATIONS

ABOUT　BLOTTING　PAPERANECDOTE　RELATING

TO　DR。　GALEWHEN　WAFERS　WERE　INTRODUCED

PERSIAN　ANECDOTE　ABOUT　THE　DIVESEPISODES

RESPECTING　THE　STYLUSDESCRIPTION　BY　BELOE

OF　ANCIENT　PERSIC　AND　ARABIC　MSS。CITATION　FROM

OLD　BOSTON　NEWSPAPER　AND　POEMMETHOD　OF

COLLECTING　RAGS　IN　1807　AND　SOME　LINES　ADDRESSED

TO　THE　LADIESMETHOD　TO　PHOTOGRAPH

COLORED　INKSPOEM　BY　ISABELLE　HOWE　FISKE。



IN　considering　the　important　and　kindred　subjects

of　〃gall〃　ink　and　〃pulp〃　paper；　we　are　not　to

forget　the　LITTLE　things　connected　with　their　development

and　which；　indeed；　made　their　invention

possible。



The　gall…nut　contains　gallic　and　gallo…tannic　acid；