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          weight of water。〃



Such an ink prepared after this receipt would be a

strictly pure tanno…gallate of iron ink WITHOUT any

〃added〃 color whatever。



The estimation in which such an ink is held by the

majority of the ink manufacturers is best illustrated

by quoting from two of the most prominent ones; and

thus enable the reader to draw his own conclusions。



〃We do not make a tanno…gallate of iron ink

without added color; and so far as we know; there

is no such ink on the market; as it would be practically

colorless and illegible。〃

 *   *    *    *    *    *    *



〃There is no such ink (a tanno…gallate of iron ink

without added color) manufactured by any ink…

maker as far as I know。 It is obsolete。〃



The commercial names bestowed on the multitude

of different inks placed on the market by manufacturers

during the last century are in the thousands。

A few of them are cited as indicative of their variety;

some of which are still sold under these names。



Kosmian Safety Fluid; Bablah Ink; Universal Jet

Black; Treasury Ledger Fluid; Everlasting Black Ink;

Raven…Black Ink; Nut…gall Ink; Pernambuco Ink; Blue

Post Office Ink; Unchangeable Black; Document Safety

Ink; Birmingham Copying Ink; Commercial Writing

Fluid; Germania Ink; Horticultural Ink; Exchequer

Ink; Chesnut Ink; Carbon Safety Ink; Vanadium Ink;

Asiatic Ink; Terra…cotta Ink; Juglandin Ink; Persian

Copying; Sambucin; Chrome Ink; Sloe Ink; Steel Pen

Ink; Japanese Ink; English Office Ink; Catechu Ink;

Chinese Blue Ink; Alizarin Ink; School Ink; Berlin

Ink; Resin Ink; Water…glass Ink; Parisian Ink; Immutable

Ink; Graphite Ink; Nigrilin Ink; Munich Ink;

Electro…Chemical; Egyptian Black; 〃Koal〃 Black

Ink; Ebony Black Ink; Zulu Black; Cobalt Black;

Maroon Black; Aeilyton Copying; Dichroic; Congress

Record; Registration; 〃Old English;〃 etc。



The list of over 200 names; which follow; includes

those of manufacturers of the best known foreign and

domestic 〃black〃 inks and 〃chemical writing fluids〃

in use during the past century; as well as those

of the present time。



Adriana

Allfield

Anderson

Antoine

Arnaudon

Arnold

Artus

Ballade

Ballande

Barnes

Bart

Bartram

Beaur

Behrens

Belmondi

Berzelius

Bizanger

Blackwood

Blair

Bolley

Bonney

Bossin

Boswell

Bottger

Boutenguy

Braconnot

Brande

Bufeu

Bufton

Bure

Carter

Caw

Cellier

Champion

Chaptal

Chevallier

Clarke

Close

Cochrane

Collin

Cooke

Coupier and Collins

Coxe

Crock

Cross

Darcet

Davids

Davis

Delunel

Delarve

Delang

Derheims

Dize

Draper

Druck

Duhalde

Dumas

Dumovlen

Dunand

Dunlap

Ellis

Eisner

Faber

Faucher

Faux

Featherstone

Fesneau

Fontenelle

Ford

Fourmentin

Freeman

Fuchs

Gaffard

Gastaldi

Geissler

Geoffroy

Gebel

Goold

Goupeir

Grasse

Green

Guesneville

Gullier

Guyon

Guyot

Haenles

Hager

Haldat

Hanle

Hare

Harrison

Hausman

Heeren

Henry

Herepath

Hevrant

Higgins

Hogy

Hunt

Hyde

Jahn

James

Joy

Karmarsch

Kasleteyer

Kindt

Klaproth

Kloen

Knaffl

Knecht

Lanaux

Lanet

Larenaudiere

Lemancy

Lenormand

Leonhardi

Lewis

Ley Kauf

Link

Lipowitz

Lorme

Luhring

Lyons

MacCullogh

Mackensic

Mathieu

Maurin

Maynard and Noyes

Melville

Mendes

Meremee

Merget

Minet

Moller

Moore

Mordan

Moser

Morrell

Mozard

Murray

Nash

Nissen

Ohme

Ott

Paul

Payen

Perry

Peltz

Petibeau

Platzer

Plissey

Pomeroy

Poncelet

Prollius

Proust

Pusher

Rapp

Reade

Redwood

Reid

Remigi

Reinmann

Rheinfeld

Ribaucourt

Ricker

Roder

Ruhr

Runge

Sanford

Schaffgotoch

Schleckum

Schmidt

Schoffern

Scott

Seldrake

Selmi

Simon

Souberin

Souirssean

Stafford

Stark

Stein

Stephens

Stevens

Syuckerbuyk

Swan

Tabuy

Tarling

Thacker

Thomas

Thumann

Todd

Tomkins

Trialle

Triest

Trommsdorff

Underwood

Vallet

Van Moos

Vogel

Wagner

Walkden

Wallach

Waterlous

Windsor and Newton

Winternitz

Woodmansee

Worthington









CHAPTER XXIII。



CHEMICO…LEGAL INK。



ESTIMATED VALUE OF SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE AS HELD BY

THE COURT OF APPEALSNOW BEYOND THE PURVIEW OF

CRITICISMVERDICTS IN THE TRIALS OF CAUSES AFFECTED

BY SUCH EVIDENCELENGTH OF TIME NECESSARY

TO OVERCOME PREJUDICE AND IGNORANCE

WHERE OBJECTIONS TO SUCH EVIDENCE EMANATE

SOME OBSERVATIONS ABOUT SUCH EVIDENCE GENERALLY

WHEN PRECEDENT WAS MADE TO CHEMICALLY

EXAMINE A COURT EXHIBIT BEFORE TRIALTHE

CONTROVERSY IN WHICH JUDGE RANSOM MADE THIS NEW

DEPARTURECITATION OF THE CASE AND ITS OUTCOME

DECISION IN THE GORDON WILL CASE OBTAINED

BY THE SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCECOMPLETE STORY

ABOUT ITHISTORY OF THE DIMON WILL CASE AND

HOW CHEMISTRY MADE IT POSSIBLE TO CONSIDER

ITOPINION OF JUDGE INGRAHAMPEOPLE OF THE

STATE OF NEW YORK V。 CODYTHE ATTEMPT TO PROVE

AN ALLEGED 〃GOULD〃 BIRTH CERTIFICATE GENUINE;

FRUSTRATED BY CHEMICAL EVIDENCETHE DEFENDANT

CONVICTEDTHE PEOPLE V。 KELLAMCHEMICAL

EVIDENCE MAKES THE TRUTH KNOWNTHE HOLT

WILL CASE AND THE EVIDENCE WHICH AFFECTED ITS

RESULTTHE TIGHE WILL CASEOPINION OF JUDGE

FITZGERALD。



〃The administration of justice profits by the

progress of science; and its history shows it to

have been almost the earliest in antagonism to

popular delusion and superstition。 The revelations

of the microscope are constantly resorted to in

protection of individual and public interests。 。 。 。

If they are relied upon as agencies for accurate

mathematical results in mensuration and astronomy;

there is no reason why they should be deemed

unreliable in matters of evidence。 Wherever what

they disclose can aid or elucidate the just determination

of legal controversies there can be no well…

founded objection to resorting to them。〃 Frank

v。 Chemical Nat。 Bank; 37 Superior Court (J。 &

S。) 34; affirmed in Court of Appeals; 84 N。 Y。

209。



THIS decision by a final court of adjudicature; expresses

in no uncertain terms the now generally estimated

value of evidence which science may reveal。

The importance which that branch of it denominated

〃Chemico…legal ink〃 has attained and its utilization

in many trials of causes both civil as well as criminal;

places it beyond the purview of criticism or objection。

With the introduction of a new class of inks in the

last two decades; its scope has been much broadened。



Innumerable verdicts by juries wherever the system

prevails; all over the world; the opinions of learned

judges; whether presiding during a jury trial or sitting

alone; more or less affected by this character of evidence;

presents fairly the trend of the views of the

public mind respecting it。



Constant experiment and successful demonstrations;

covering a period of over fifty years; was necessary to

overcome prevailing prejudices and ignorance。



The conditions to…day; which happily obtain; are

that the objection to the introduction of such evidence

finds its source usually in the side seeking to obscure

and hide the truth or facts; while the honest litigant

or innocent individual hastens to advocate its employment。



Another feature worthy of consideration is that

persons who possess intimate knowledge of ink chem。

istry and who might otherwise successfully perpetrate

fraud if opportunity presented itself; refrain from

making the attempt because of that very knowledge;

which is sufficient also to teach them of the possible

exposure of their efforts。 Again; they and others are

aware of the reliance placed on chemico…legal evidence

as an aid to the cause of justice by courts and

juries and this is an added reason why they hesitate

to take chances。 These propositions being true; they

establish another one; viz: that most of the attempted

frauds at the present time in this connection; are by

the ignorant and those whose conceit does not permit

them to believe that any one knows more than themselves。



Chemico…legal ink evidence as before stated has

been employed in the trials of causes for many years;

but it was not until the year 1889 that a precedent

was established for the chemical examination of a

suspected document preceding any trial。 The honor

of this departure from the ordinary modes of procedure

belongs to the Hon。 Rastus S。 Ransom; who was

surrogate of the county of New York at the time。



The matter in controversy was an alleged will executed

in triplicate by one Thomas J。 Monroe。 Charges

were made that the three wills were spurious; as they

were facsimiles of each other。 It was for the main

purpose of determining the methods of their make…up

that Judge Ransom rendered the opinion and made

the order for its chemical examination which is cited

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