forty centuries of ink-第37节

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belief　that　it　would　also　improve　and　ensure　its　lasting

qualities；　but　latterly　more　often　to　cheapen　the

cost　of　its　manufacture。　Reference　has　been　made

to　a　large　variety　of　these　substances　used　for　this

purpose　and　the　story　told　of　the　effect　of　the　test　of

time　upon　them　as　indicative　of　their　supposed　value。

Attention　has　also　been　directed　to　the　discovery

during　the　nineteenth　century　of　the　colors　which

owe　their　origin　to　by…products　of　coal　tar。



Generically　these　colors　are　classified　as　〃anilines。〃

They　have　worked　a　revolution　in　all　the　arts　in

which　colors　are　used。　Employed　without　a　mordant；

with　few　exceptions；　they　are　measurably　affected　by

both　light；　heat；　moisture；　or　other　changes　and　as

made　into　inks　are　never　permanent。　Hence　they

should　not　be　used　for　records；　because　if　obliterated

from　any　cause　whatever；　there　are　no　known　means

to　render　them　again　legible。



The　origin　and　history　of　the　〃anilines〃　are

known。　Viewed　from　an　ink　standpoint　they　are　of

vast　interest。　So　extended　in　number　are　the　〃anilines〃

（they　run　into　the　thousands）　that　they　include

every　shade　of　black　and　all　possible　tints　or　hues　of

the　colors　of　the　rainbow。



The　chronological　history　of　such　of　these　artificial

colors　which　appertain　to　ink　or　its　manufacture　is

important　as　locating　the　dates　of　their　invention

and　commercial　use。



The　first　discovery　of　〃aniline〃　is　credited　to

Helot　in　1750。　In　1825　Faraday　in　rectifying　naphtha

discovered　benzole；　which　by　the　action　of　strong

nitric　acid　be　converted　into　nitro…benzole；　and　this

latter；　when　agitated　with　water；　acetic　acid　and　iron

filings　produced　aniline。　Unverdorben　in　1826　discovered

an　analogous　material　in　products　obtained

by　the　destructive　distillation　of　indigo。　Runge　in

1834　claims　to　have　detected　it　in　coal　tar　and　called

it　kyanol；　which　after　oxidation　became　an　insoluble

black　pigment　and　known　as　aniline　black。　It　could

not；　however；　be　used　as　an　ink。　Zinan　in　1840；

experimenting　along　the　same　lines；　produced　another

compound　terming　it　benzidam。　Fritsche　in　the　same

year　by　the　distillation　of　indigo　with　caustic　potash

developed　a　product　which　he　also　called　aniline；　the

name　being　derived　from　the　Portuguese　word　anil；

meaning　indigo。　Shortly　afterwards　A。　W。　Hoffman

established　the　identity　of　these　substances。



Aniline　when　pure　is　a　colorless　liquid；　possessing

a　rather　ammoniacal　odor。　It　soon　becomes　yellow

and　yellow…brown　under　the　influence　of　light　and　air。

It　does　not　affect　litmus　paper。



In　1856　Perkins　accidentally　discovered　the　violet

dye　called　mauve；　which　acquired　considerable　commercial

importance　besides　its　utility　for　ink　purposes。



Nicholson　in　1862　succeeded　in　producing　the　first

of　the　soluble　blue　anilines。



The　discovery　of　induline；　one　of　the　modifications

of　aniline　black；　was　made　known　in　1864。



Nigrosine；　produced　by　the　action　of　concentrated

sulphuric　acid　on　the　insoluble　indulines；　was　discovered

in　1868。



The　soluble　indulines　and　nigrosines　differentiate　in

appearance；　the　first　a　bronzy　powder　and　the　latter　a

black　lustrous　powder。　When　made　into　ink　they

possess　about　equal　color　values。



In　1870　the　German　chemists；　Graebe　and　Liebermann；

announced　that　they　had　succeeded　in　producing

artificial　alizarin；the　coloring　matter　of　the

madder　root。　Commercial　value　was　not　given　to

this　discovery　until　it　was　put　on　the　market　in　1873；

although　it　did　not　meet　all　the　requirements。



Springmuhl　in　1873　obtained　an　accessory　product

in　the　artificial　manufacture　of　alizarin　out　of　anthracene；

from　which　a　beautiful　blue　was　made；　superior

in　many　respect　to　the　aniline　blues。　It　differed　from

aniline　in　having　the　same　color　in　solution。　Alkalis

destroyed　the　color　but　acids　restored　it。　The　process

was　kept　a　secret　for　a　long　time。　This　product　was

originally　sold　as　high　as　1；500　for　a　single　pound。



Caro；　a　German　chemist；　invented　in　1874　the　red

color　known　as　eosine；　which　was　brought　to　this

country　in　the　following　year　and　sold　for　125　per

pound。　Its　color　is　destroyed　by　acids。



Orchil　or　archil　（the　red　color）　was　discovered　in

1879。　The　commercial　use　of　the　so…called　〃orchil

substitutes〃　（purples）　began；　however；　in　the　years

1885　and　1887。



Artificial　indigo；　as　the　result　of　many　years　of

experimenting；　came　into　commercial　use　under　the

name　of　〃indigo　pure〃　only　in　1897。　It　had　previously

been　produced　synthetically　in　a　variety　of

ways；　but　the　cost　of　the　production　was　far　above

that　of　the　natural　product。　Baeyer　and　Emmerling

in　1870；　Suida　in　1878；　Baeyer　in　1878；　Baeyer　and

Drewsen　in　1882；　and　Heumann　in　1890；　can　be　said

to　have　been　the　pioneers　in　the　production　of　artificial

indigo。



The　intensity　of　some　of　the　aniline　colors　may　be

indicated　by　the　fact　that　a　single　grain　of　eosine　in

ten　millions　of　water　exhibits　a　definite　rose…pink

color。



It　is　asserted　that　in　the　last　three　years　many

improvements　have　been　made　in　the　permanent　qualities

of　some　of　the　soluble　anilines；　but　no　material

which　is　soluble　in　plain　water　should　ever　be　employed

as　an　ink　for　record　purposes。



Preceding　the　discovery　of　the　〃anilines；〃　as　already

related；　other　substances　had　been　employed

for　〃added〃　color　in　the　admixture　of　ink；　principally

madder；　Brazil　wood；　indigo；　and　logwood。



Only　a　casual　reference　has　heretofore　been　made

to　Brazil　wood　and　logwood。



Brazil　wood；　also　called　peach　wood；　is　imported

from　Brazil。　Its　employment　as　a　dyestuff　is　known

to　be　of　great　antiquity；　antedating　considerably　the

discovery　of　South　America。　Bancroft　states；　〃The

name　'Brazil'　was　given　to　the　country　on　account

of　the　extensive　forests　of　the　already　well…known

'Brazil　wood；'　which　was　found　by　its　Portuguese

discoverers。　The　dyestuff　thus　gave　its　name　to　the

country　from　which　it　was　afterwards　principally

obtained。　The　word　'Brazil'　appears　to　have　been

originally　used　to　designate　a　bright　red　or　flame

color。　Thus　in　a　contract　between　the　cities　of　Bologna

and　Ferrara；　in　1194；　the　dyestuff　kermez　is

referred　to　as　grana　de　Brazile　and　Brazil　wood；　both

dyestuffs　at　that　time　being　obtained　from　India。〃

For　〃added〃　color　to　ink　and　alone　it　was　much

used　in　the　seventeenth　and　eighteenth　centuries。



Logwood；　employed　more　extensively　for　〃added〃

color　than　any　other　color　compound；　was　introduced

into　Europe　by　the　Spaniards；　A。　D。　1502。　In　England

it　does　not　appear　to　have　been　much　used　until

about　1575。　In　1581　the　Parliament　prohibited　its

use　〃because　the　colours　produced　from　it　were　of　a

fugacious　character。〃　Its　use　was　legalized　in　1673

by　an　act；　the　preamble　of　which　reads；　〃The　ingenious

industry　of　modern　times　hath　taught　the

dyers　of　England　the　art　of　fixing；　the　colours　made

of　logwood；　alias　blackwood；　so　as　that；　by　experience；

they　are　found　as　lasting　as　the　colours　made

with　any　sort　of　dyeing　wood　whatever。〃　It　is　obtained

principally　from　the　Campeachy　tree；　which

grows　in　the　West　Indies　and　South　America。



The　practical　utility　of　logwood　as　the　base　for　an

ink　was　a　discovery　of　Runge　in　1848；　who　found

that　a　dilute　solution　of　its　coloring　matter；　to　which

had　been　added　a　small　quantity　of　neutral　chromate

of　potassium；　produced　a　deep　black　liquid　which　apparently

remained　clear　and　did　not　deposit　any　sediment。

This　composition　became　very　popular　on

account　of　its　cheapness　and　dark　purple　color。　It

is　of　a　fugitive　character；　though；　and　has　passed　almost

entirely　out　of　commercial　use。







CHAPTER　XXI。



ANCIENT　AND　MODERN　INK　RECEIPTS。



〃INDIAN〃　INKSPANISH　LICORICEBITUMENCARBON

FROM　PETROLEUMPROCESS　TO　OBTAIN　GALLIC

ACIDEFFECT　OF　SUGAR　IN　INKDARK　COLORED

GALLS　BEST　FOR　INK　MAKINGSUBSTITUTES　FOR

GALLSRELATIVE　PROPORTIONS　OF　IRON　AND

GALLSANECDOTE　OF　PROFESSOR　TRIALL

ESTIMATION　OF　SULPHATE　OF　COPPERQUAINT　INK

RECIPERIBAUCOURT'S　INKHORSELEY'S　INK

ELSNER'S　INDELIBLE　MARKING　INKBLACK　INK　FOR

COMMON　AND　COPYING　USESCOMMON　BLACK

INKSHINING　BLACK　INKPROCESS　FOR　〃BEST〃

INKINDELIBLE　BLACK　INK　WITHOUT　GALLS　OR

IRONINK　POWDERSTEEL　PEN　INKSOME　EARLY

LITERATURE　OF　THE　COAL　TAR　PRODUCTSINK　PLANT

OF　NEW　GRANADA〃IMPERISHABLE〃　INKFIRE…

PROOF　INK〃INERADICABLE〃　INKEXCHEQUER

INK〃PERMANENT〃　RED　INKSUBSTITUTE　FOR　〃INDIAN〃

INKTO　PREVENT　INK　FREEZINGBACTERIA

IN　INKGOLD　AND　OTHER　INKS　USED　FOR　ILLUMlNATING。



INNUMERABLE　receipts　and　directions　for　making

inks　of　every　kind；　color　and　quality　are　to　be　found

distributed　in　books　more　or　less　devoted　to　such　subjects；

in　the　encyclopaedias；　chemistries；　and　other　scientific

publications。　If　assembled　together　they　would

occupy　hundreds　of　pages。　Those　cited　are　exemplars

indicating　the　trend　of　ideas　belonging　to