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wash。 In it the black particles are suspended in

water by the addition of gum。 This kind of ink

has an affinity for oxygen; and hence it oxidizes

and turns black。 When unadulterated it only becomes

blacker with the passage of time; and cannot

be washed from the paper by the use of water。'



〃 'I could show you;' continued Mr。 Carvalho;

'public records of this city made within forty

years which are entirely illegible and consequently

worthless; because cheap inks were used in the

writing。 These include not only records of wills

in the Surrogate's office; but entries and transfers

of real estate which are likely to come up in the

course of litigation at any time; thereby affecting

the rights of many citizens。



〃 'I can tell you at once upon seeing an old

document the character of the ink that was used in

the writing; and I have seen many old papers over

a hundred years of age in which the writing was

as clear as the day it was made; simply because a

good writing ink was used。 On the other hand

writing made with cheap aniline ink may under

certain circumstances fade out within a year; and

in a book which is much handled is almost certain

to be rubbed out in time。



〃 'It has frequently happened that in the course

of litigation; especially over real estate; that old

records made with poor inks have been produced

which the court refused to accept as evidence;

thereby depriving some citizen of his rights。 At

the present time many officials in this state; in

fact; the majority of them; are using these cheap

and worthless inks and the records they are making

will be of little or no value in a few years。



〃 'It is to put a stop to this abuse that the present

bill has been drawn up; and there is no argument

which can be raised against it。' 〃



It appears that there was one; however; as the bill

failed to pass for the stated reason that it came under

the head of 〃class〃 legislation。 The great state and

city of New York with costly and magnificent depositories

continue to place in them; for safe…keeping;

valuable records and other ink…written instruments

which will become illegible before the present century

comes to an end。



Professor Lehner; a German chemist; in 1890 published

a treatise 〃Die Tinten…Fabrikation;〃 which has

been translated and added to by Dr。 Brannt; of Philadelphia;

editor of 〃The Techno…Chemical Receipt…Book;〃 who remarks:



〃The lack of a recent treatise in the English

language containing detailed descriptions of the raw

materials and receipts for the preparation of Inks;

and the apparent necessity; as shown by frequent

inquiries; for such a volume; were the considerations

which led to the preparation of The Manufacture of Ink。〃



This work compiles a great number of formulas;

and rather favors the views of the chemist Dr。 Bostock

respecting the iron and gall inks。 The book

possesses value for reference purposes to the manufacturer。



Auguste Peret; author of 〃The Manufacture of Ink;〃

1891; has put together a lot of excellent material relative

to ink…making and valuable for reference purposes。



The late Dr。 William E。 Hagan of Troy; New York;

in 1894 issued his book; 〃Disputed Hand…writing。〃

He devotes two chapters to the discussion of ancient

and modern inks and their chemistry。 He has been

kind enough to quote the writer as the first to remove

ink in open court with chemicals in order to determine

the existence of pencil writing beneath the ink。

The pencil being carbon was not affected thereby and

with the subsequent restoration of the bleached ink

by the use of the correct re…agent。



In the same year Dr。 Persifor Frazer of Philadelphia

published his 〃Manual of the Study of Documents。〃

A few pages are given to the study of inks;

and a part thereof is devoted to the researches of

Carre; Hager; Baudrimont; Tarry; Chevallier and

Lassaigne; to determine suspected forgeries。 The

chapter on 〃the sequence in crossed lines;〃 where he

indicates his method of determining which of two

crossed ink lines was written first; is both original and

a real contribution to science。



Alfred H。 Allen; F。 C。 S。; of England; perhaps the

highest authority on the subject of tannins; dyes and

coloring matters in his 〃Commercial Organic Analysis;〃

revised and edited by Professor J。 Merritt Mathews

of Pennsylvania; edition of 1900; devotes eight

pages to the subject of the 〃Examination of Ink

Marks。〃 He says:



〃Ordinary writing ink was formerly always

made from a decoction of galls; to which green

vitriol was added。 Of late; the composition of

writing inks has become far less constant; aniline

and other dyes being frequently employed; and

other metallic salts substituted for the ferrous…

sulphate formerly invariably used。 The best black

ink is a tanno…gallate of iron; obtained by adding

an infusion of nut…galls to a solution of ferrous…

sulphate (copperas)。〃



In 1897 the author in a paper read before the New

York State Bar Association at Albany; entitled 〃A

Plea for the Preservation of the Public Records;〃 discussed

the question of the stability of inks and their

phenomena and took occasion to make recommendations

as to their constitution and future methods of

employment。 A vote of thanks was adopted and the

association referred the paper to the Committee on

Law Reform; where no doubt it still slumbers。







CHAPTER XVI。



ENDURING INK。



ASCERTAINMENT OF A CORRECT INK FORMULA THE WORK

OF OVER A CENTURYCHARACTER OF THE EVIDENCE

WHICH ESTABLISHES ITTHE INVESTIGATIONS OF

THE AUTHOR IN THIS DIRECTION AND COMPARISON

WITH THOSE OF COMMISSIONER SWANELIMINATION

OF THE 〃ADDED〃 COLORS AND THEIR ORIGIN

DISCUSSION OF THE RELATIVE MERITS OF LAMPBLACK;

MADDER AND INDIGOTHE DURABLE VIRTUES OF

INDIGO WHEN EMPLOYED ALONECAUSE OF THE

BROWNING OF INKSLONGEVITY OF INK DUE TO

VEHICLE WHICH CARRIES ITWHEN PERFECT INK

WILL BE INVENTED。



TO ascertain the correct formula of a substantially

permanent ink; as we have learned; has been the aim

during a century or more; of able chemists; manufacturers

and laymen。 Their experiments and study of

ancient and modern documents all point unerringly

in the direction of an ink containing iron and galls。



Accumulated evidence may be said to establish

itself in the light of investigation and experience and

becomes more and more a certainty when considered;

reviewed and discussed in connection with a chronological

history of the 〃gall〃 inks since they came

into semi…official and other uses centuries ago。

Descriptions of MSS。 containing ink writings hundreds

of years old; many of them as legible as when first

written; are silent witnesses whose testimony cannot

be assailed。 Such information when assembled

together minimizes many of the conditions which have

existed and interposed in preventing during the last

four decades a general adoption or re…adoption of

such a tanno…gallate of iron ink; the lasting qualities

of which some of our forefathers estimated would;

and as we know have stood the test of time。



Assuming this character of ink to have been employed

in past centuries; the cause or causes for the

differentiations in respect to color and durability become

of paramount importance。



The investigations of the writer in this direction;

while in some respects traveling the same road followed

by others; diverged from them and has been

more in the nature of a comparative analytical and

microscopic examination of ancient with ancient and

modern with modern documents in connection with

numerous chemical experiments; the manufacture of

hundreds of inks and the study of their time and

other phenomena。



To accomplish this; ancient documents not written

with 〃Indian〃 ink; but with those obviously containing

combinations of iron and galls or other tannins;

were selected and grouped into color families。

They began with the fourteenth century; continuing

well into the nineteenth; to the number of nearly

four hundred; each of them of a different date

and different year。 Some of them were so pale

and indistinct as to be illegible; others less so

and by gradual steps they approached to a definite

black; many of them as rich and deep in color as if

they had been written not centuries ago but within

a few years。 Signatures on the same document represented

different degrees of color; so that the question

of the material on which the writing appeared affecting

the appearance of the ink; was not a factor; but

the difference in the inks used to make the signatures

was the determining factor。



At this point it may be noted that the investigations

conducted by Mr。 Swan before referred to and those

by the writer and the resultant observations of each

were substantially alike。 Many of the writer's; however;

preceded those of Mr。 Swan's; for during the

years 1885 and 1886;

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