forty centuries of ink-第27节

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calculated　or　obtained。　This　is　more　particularly　to　be

noted　in　the　case　of　black　writing　inks　otherwise

known　as　the　tanno…gallate　of　iron　inks　＇gallic　and　gallotanic

acid　obtained　from　nut…galls；　sulphate　of　iron；

（green　copperas）　and　some　gummy　vehicle＇。



The　variations　would　appear　to　be　largely　due　to　the

difference　in　quality　of　the　gall…nuts；　treatment；　and

temperature　of　the　atmosphere；　perhaps；　however；　not

so　much　to…day　as　it　was　ten　or　twenty　years　ago；

when　to　make　ink　of　this　character　boiling　processes

were　employed。　Most　of　them　as　already　stated　are

now　〃cold〃　made。



Inks　of　this　class　consist　of　a　finely　divided　insoluble

precipitate　suspended　in　water　by　the　use　of　gum　and

possessing　a　slight　acidity。



The　requisites　of　a　good　black　writing　ink　or

black　writing　fluid　require　it　to　flow　readily　from

the　pen；　to　indicate　in　a　short　time　a　black　color

and　to　penetrate　the　paper　to　an　appreciable

degree；　and　more　important　than　all　the　rest；　to　be　of

great　durability。　When　kept　in　a　closed　vessel　no

sediment　of　any　account　should　be　precipitated；　although

such　will　be　the　case　in　open　ink…wells；　and

this　the　quicker　the　more　the　air　is　permitted　to　get

to　it。　If　it　is　to　be　used　for　record　or　documentary

purposes　it　must　not　be　altogether　obliterated　if　brought

into　contact　with　water　or　alcohol；　and　should　depend

for　permanency　on　its　chemical　and　not　on　its　pigmentary

qualities。



The　second　class；　called　for　distinction　〃chemical

writing　fluids；〃　possesses　the　same　essential　ingredients

to　be　found　in　class　one；　but　much　less　in

quantity　and　with　some　〃added〃　colored　substance

which　I　shall　term　〃loading；〃　for　its　real　purpose　is　to

cheapen　the　cost　of　production　and　not　altogether　as

some　manufacturers　state　〃simply　to　give　them　an

agreeable　color。〃



Previous　to　the　discovery　of　the　soluble　anilines；

logwood；　indigo；　madder；　orchil　and　other　dyeing

materials　were　used　for　a　period　of　some　eighty　years

and　vanadium　for　some　twenty　years　（very　costly

at　that　time）；　for　this　purpose；　but　since　1874；　and

with　frequent　changes　as　the　newer　aniline　compounds

were　invented；　these　by…products　of　coal…tar；　as　well　as

logwood；　etc。；　have　been　and　are　to…day　employed　for

〃loading；〃　or　as　the　manufacturer　expresses；　it　〃added

color。〃　The　chemical　writing　fluids　as　now　prepared；

yield　when　first　written　a　blue　or　green　color　with　a

tendency　to　change　to　black　afterwards。　They　are

not　as　permanent　as　those　of　the　first　class。



Another　black　ink　not　durable；　however；　is　〃logwood；〃

its　extract　is　combined　with　a　little　chromate

of　potassium　and　boiled　together　in　water。　It　possesses

its　own　〃gum〃　and　contains　some　tannin。　In

combination　with　alum　and　water；　it　forms　a　dark

purple　ink。



The　colored　writing　inks；　of　which　〃red〃　is　the

more　important；　are　in　great　number　and　with　hardly

an　exception　at　the　present　time；　manufactured　by

adding　water　and　water…glass　to　a　soluble　aniline　red

color。　Cochineal　which　was　used　for　red　ink　formerly

is　now　almost　obsolete。　Nigrosine；　one　of　the　best

known　of　them；　is　much　used　as　a　cheap　〃black〃　ink；

but　as　it　is　blue　black　and　never　becomes　black；　it

really　belongs　to　the　family　of　〃colored〃　writing

inks。　They　possess　an　undeserved　popularity　for　they

flow　freely　from　the　pen　which　they　do　not　corrode；

nor　do　they　thicken　or　spoil　in　the　inkwell；　they　are

however　very　〃fugitive〃　in　character　and　should　not

be　employed　for　record；　legal；　monetary　or　other

documentary　purposes。　The　indigo　and　prussian　blue

inks　are　well　known；　the　former　under　certain　conditions

a　very　permanent　ink；　the　latter　soon　disintegrating。



Copying　inks　are　of　two　kinds；　one　dependent　on

the　addition　of　glycerine；　sugar；　glucose　or　like　compounds

to　the　black　writing　inks　or　chemical　writing

fluids　heretofore　mentioned；　which　are　thereby　kept

in　a　moist　offsetting　condition；　the　other　due　to　the

solubility　of　the　pigmentary　color　with　water；　such　as

the　aniline　inks　which　are　given　more　body　than

those　for　ordinary　purposesand　the　logwoods　in

which　the　pigment　is　developed　and　given　copying

qualities　by　chemicals；　and　hence　becomes　responsive

to　the　application　of　a　sheet　of　paper　dampened　with

water。　Copying　ink　should　never　be　used　for

〃record〃　purposes　as　it　is　affected　by　changes　of　the

temperature。



India　ink；　sometimes　called　China　ink；　or　as　formerly

known　by　the　ancients　and　in　classical　and　later　times

〃Indian　ink；〃　is　now　used　more　for　drawing　and　engrossing

than　it　is　for　commercial　purposes。　It　belongs

to　the　〃carbon〃　class　and　in　some　form　was

the　first　one　used　in　the　very　earliest　times。　In

China　it　is　applied　with　a　brush　or　pith　of　some　reed

to　the　〃rice〃　paper　also　there　manufactured。　It　is

easily　washed　away　unless　bichromate　of　ammonium

or　potassium　in　minute　quantities　be　added　to　it；　and

then　if　the　paper　on　which　it　appears　be　exposed　for　a

short　time　to　the　action　of　the　actinic　rays　of　sunlight；

this　gummy　compound　will　be　rendered　insoluble　and

cannot　be　removed　with　any　fluid；　chemical　or　otherwise。

It　possesses　also　great　advantages　in　drawing；

since　it　acts　as　a　paint；　and　will　give　any　degree　of

blackness　according　to　the　quantity　of　water　mixed　with　it。



Secret　or　sympathetic　inks　are　invisible　until　the

writing　is　subjected　to　a　subsequent　operation；　such

as　warming　or　exposing　to　sunlight。　To　further　aid

the　object　in　view；　the　paper　may　be　first　steeped　in

a　liquid　and　the　writing　only　made　visible　by　using

another　liquid　which　has　some　chemical　affinity　with

the　previous　one。　The　number　of　this　kind　were　but

few　but　have　multiplied　as　chemistry　progressed。

The　ancients　were　acquainted　with　several　modes。

Ovid　indiscreetly　advises　the　Roman　wives　and　maidens

if　they　intend　to　make　their　correspondence　unreadable

to　the　wrong　persons　to　write　with　new　milk；

which　when　dried　may　be　rendered　visible　by　rubbing

ashes　upon　it　or　a　hot　iron。　Pliny　suggests　milky

juices　of　certain　plants　of　which　there　are　a　considerable

variety。



Indelible　ink　is　not　used　for　writing　purposes　on

paper；　but　is　found　best　adapted　for　marking　linen

and　cancellation　or　endorsing　purposes。　It　is　chiefly

composed　of　nitrate　of　silver　preparations；　to　which

heat　must　be　applied　after　it　has　been　dried；　or　a

pigment　is　commingled　with　the　same　vehicles　used

in　making　common　printing　ink　and　in　its　use　treated　as　such。



Diamonds；　gold；　silver；　platinum　and　a　host　of　other

materials　are　manufactured　into　ink　and　are　to　be

placed　under　the　head　of　miscellaneous　inks。　They

are　in　great　number　and　of　no　interest　in　respect　to

ink　writing　except　for　engrossing　or　illuminating。



Still　another　ink　once　held　in　much　esteem　and　now

almost　obsolete　is　the　so…called　〃safety〃　ink。



Manufacturers；　chemists　and　laymen　in　great　number

for　many　years　wasted　money；　time　and　energy

in　diligent　worship　at　a　secret　shrine　which　could　not

give　the　information　they　sought。　A　summary　of　the

meager　and　barren　results　they　secured　is　of　little

value　and　unimportant。　Hence；　there　is　no　REAL　〃safety〃　ink。



It　is　true　that　lampblack　（carbon）　as　made　into

ink；　resists　any　chemical　or　chemicals；　but　simple

water　applied　on　a　soft　sponge　will　soon　remove　such

ink　marks。　The　reason　for　this　is　obvious；　the　ink

does　not　penetrate　the　paper。



〃Safety〃　ink　which　will　not　respond　to　acids　may

be　affected　by　alkalis；　or　if　resisting　them　separately；

will　yield　to　them　in　combination。







CHAPTER　XV。



OFFICIAL　AND　LEGAL　INK。



FIRST　COMPLETE　OFFICIAL　INVESTIGATION　OF　INK　IN

THIS　COUNTRYTHE　HONOR　DUE　TO　ROBERT　T。　SWAN

OF　BOSTONRESUME　OF　HIS　REPORTS　TO　THE

LEGISLATURE　OF　THE　STATE　OF　MASSACHUSETTSTHE

SWAN　LAW　ADOPTED　IN　1894　BY　THE　STATE　OF

MASSACHUSETTSUNITED　STATES　TREASURY　DEPARTMENT

ADOPTS　AN　OFFICIAL　INK　IN　1901UNSUCCESSFUL

ATTEMPT　TO　SECURE　INK　LEGISLATION　IN　THE　STATE

OF　NEW　YORKCOMMENTS　OF　THE　PUBLIC　PRESS　OF

THAT　PERIODDIFFERENT　WORKS　WHICH　MORE　OR

LESS　DWELL　ON　THE　SUBJECT　OF　INK　FROM　1890　TO

1900CITATIONS　FROM　ALLEN'S　COMMERCIAL　ORGANIC

ANALYSISREFERENCE　TO　PAPER　ABOUT　INK

READ　BEFORE　THE　NEW　YORK　STATE　BAR　ASSOCIATION。



IT　was　not；　however；　until　1891　that　the　subject　of

the　constitution　of　an　enduring　record　ink　received

the　consideration　its　importance　deserved　and　in　this

the　youngest　of　countries。　To　Robert　T。　Swan　of

Boston　is　all　honor　due　for　the　very　unique　and

comprehensive　methods　adopted　in　his　investigations。

Appointed　〃commissioner　of　public　records〃　of　the

state　of　Massachusetts；　he　has　set　an　example　which

may　well　be　followed　by　other　states；　as　has　been

done　in　a　lesser　degree　by　Connecticut　and　ten　years

later　by　the　United　States　Treasury　Department；

which　in　this　respect　is　so　ably　represented　in　part

by　Dr。　Charles　A。　Crampton　of　Washington；　D。