of the nature of things-第4节
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Must have an immortality of frame。
And into these must each thing be resolved;
When comes its supreme hour; that thus there be
At hand the stuff for plenishing the world。
。 。 。 。 。 。
So primal germs have solid singleness
Nor otherwise could they have been conserved
Through aeons and infinity of time
For the replenishment of wasted worlds。
Once more; if nature had given a scope for things
To be forever broken more and more;
By now the bodies of matter would have been
So far reduced by breakings in old days
That from them nothing could; at season fixed;
Be born; and arrive its prime and top of life。
For; lo; each thing is quicker marred than made;
And so whate'er the long infinitude
Of days and all fore…passed time would now
By this have broken and ruined and dissolved;
That same could ne'er in all remaining time
Be builded up for plenishing the world。
But mark: infallibly a fixed bound
Remaineth stablished 'gainst their breaking down;
Since we behold each thing soever renewed;
And unto all; their seasons; after their kind;
Wherein they arrive the flower of their age。
Again; if bounds have not been set against
The breaking down of this corporeal world;
Yet must all bodies of whatever things
Have still endured from everlasting time
Unto this present; as not yet assailed
By shocks of peril。 But because the same
Are; to thy thinking; of a nature frail;
It ill accords that thus they could remain
(As thus they do) through everlasting time;
Vexed through the ages (as indeed they are)
By the innumerable blows of chance。
So in our programme of creation; mark
How 'tis that; though the bodies of all stuff
Are solid to the core; we yet explain
The ways whereby some things are fashioned soft…
Air; water; earth; and fiery exhalations…
And by what force they function and go on:
The fact is founded in the void of things。
But if the primal germs themselves be soft;
Reason cannot be brought to bear to show
The ways whereby may be created these
Great crags of basalt and the during iron;
For their whole nature will profoundly lack
The first foundations of a solid frame。
But powerful in old simplicity;
Abide the solid; the primeval germs;
And by their combinations more condensed;
All objects can be tightly knit and bound
And made to show unconquerable strength。
Again; since all things kind by kind obtain
Fixed bounds of growing and conserving life;
Since Nature hath inviolably decreed
What each can do; what each can never do;
Since naught is changed; but all things so abide
That ever the variegated birds reveal
The spots or stripes peculiar to their kind;
Spring after spring: thus surely all that is
Must be composed of matter immutable。
For if the primal germs in any wise
Were open to conquest and to change; 'twould be
Uncertain also what could come to birth
And what could not; and by what law to each
Its scope prescribed; its boundary stone that clings
So deep in Time。 Nor could the generations
Kind after kind so often reproduce
The nature; habits; motions; ways of life;
Of their progenitors。
And then again;
Since there is ever an extreme bounding point
。 。 。 。 。 。
Of that first body which our senses now
Cannot perceive: That bounding point indeed
Exists without all parts; a minimum
Of nature; nor was e'er a thing apart;
As of itself;… nor shall hereafter be;
Since 'tis itself still parcel of another;
A first and single part; whence other parts
And others similar in order lie
In a packed phalanx; filling to the full
The nature of first body: being thus
Not self…existent; they must cleave to that
From which in nowise they can sundered be。
So primal germs have solid singleness;
Which tightly packed and closely joined cohere
By virtue of their minim particles…
No compound by mere union of the same;
But strong in their eternal singleness;
Nature; reserving them as seeds for things;
Permitteth naught of rupture or decrease。
Moreover; were there not a minimum;
The smallest bodies would have infinites;
Since then a half…of…half could still be halved;
With limitless division less and less。
Then what the difference 'twixt the sum and least?
None: for however infinite the sum;
Yet even the smallest would consist the same
Of infinite parts。 But since true reason here
Protests; denying that the mind can think it;
Convinced thou must confess such things there are
As have no parts; the minimums of nature。
And since these are; likewise confess thou must
That primal bodies are solid and eterne。
Again; if Nature; creatress of all things;
Were wont to force all things to be resolved
Unto least parts; then would she not avail
To reproduce from out them anything;
Because whate'er is not endowed with parts
Cannot possess those properties required
Of generative stuff… divers connections;
Weights; blows; encounters; motions; whereby things
Forevermore have being and go on。
CONFUTATION OF OTHER PHILOSOPHERS
And on such grounds it is that those who held
The stuff of things is fire; and out of fire
Alone the cosmic sum is formed; are seen
Mightily from true reason to have lapsed。
Of whom; chief leader to do battle; comes
That Heraclitus; famous for dark speech
Among the silly; not the serious Greeks
Who search for truth。 For dolts are ever prone
That to bewonder and adore which hides
Beneath distorted words; holding that true
Which sweetly tickles in their stupid ears;
Or which is rouged in finely finished phrase。
For how; I ask; can things so varied be;
If formed of fire; single and pure? No whit
'Twould help for fire to be condensed or thinned;
If all the parts of fire did still preserve
But fire's own nature; seen before in gross。
The heat were keener with the parts compressed;
Milder; again; when severed or dispersed…
And more than this thou canst conceive of naught
That from such causes could become; much less
Might earth's variety of things be born
From any fires soever; dense or rare。
This too: if they suppose a void in things;
Then fires can be condensed and still left rare;
But since they see such opposites of thought
Rising against them; and are loath to leave
An unmixed void in things; they fear the steep
And lose the road of truth。 Nor do they see;
That; if from things we take away the void;
All things are then condensed; and out of all
One body made; which has no power to dart
Swiftly from out itself not anything…
As throws the fire its light and warmth around;
Giving thee proof its parts are not compact。
But if perhaps they think; in other wise;
Fires through their combinations can be quenched
And change their substance; very well: behold;
If fire shall spare to do so in no part;
Then heat will perish utterly and all;
And out of nothing would the world be formed。
For change in anything from out its bounds
Means instant death of that which was before;
And thus a somewhat must persist unharmed
Amid the world; lest all return to naught;
And; born from naught; abundance thrive anew。
Now since indeed there are those surest bodies
Which keep their nature evermore the same;
Upon whose going out and coming in
And changed order things their nature change;
And all corporeal substances transformed;
'Tis thine to know those primal bodies; then;
Are not of fire。 For 'twere of no avail
Should some depart and go away; and some
Be added new; and some be changed in order;
If still all kept their nature of old heat:
For whatsoever they created then
Would still in any case be only fire。
The truth; I fancy; this: bodies there are
Whose clashings; motions; order; posture; shapes
Produce the fire and which; by order changed;
Do change the nature of the thing produced;
And are thereafter nothing like to fire
Nor whatso else has power to send its bodies
With impact touching on the senses' touch。
Again; to say that all things are but fire
And no true thing in number of all things
Exists but fire; as this same fellow says;
Seems crazed folly。 For the man himself
Against the senses by the senses fights;
And hews at that through which is all belief;
Through which indeed unto himself is known
The thing he calls the fire。 For; though he thinks
The senses truly can perceive the fire;
He thinks they cannot as regards all else;
Which still are palpably as clear to sense…
To me a thought inept and crazy too。
For whither shall we make appeal? for what
More certain than our senses can there be
Whereby to mark asunder error and truth?
Besides; why rather do away with all;
And wish to allow heat only; then deny
The fire and still allow all else to be?…
Alike the madness either way it seems。
Thus whosoe'er have held the stuff of things
To be but fire; and out of fire the sum;
And whosoever have constituted air
As first beginning of begotten things;
And all whoever have held that of itself
Water alone contrives things; or that earth
Createth all and changes things anew
To divers natures; mightily they seem
A long way to have wandered from the truth。
Add; too; whoever make the primal stuff
Twofold; by joining air to fire; and earth
To water; add who deem that things can grow
Out of the four… fire; e