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the¡¡chalk¡¡through¡¡atmospheric¡¡and¡¡other¡¡agencies¡£
CHAPTER¡¡VIICONCLUSION¡£
Summary¡¡of¡¡the¡¡part¡¡which¡¡worms¡¡have¡¡played¡¡in¡¡the¡¡history¡¡of¡¡the¡¡
worldTheir¡¡aid¡¡in¡¡the¡¡disintegration¡¡of¡¡rocksIn¡¡the¡¡denudation¡¡
of¡¡the¡¡landIn¡¡the¡¡preservation¡¡of¡¡ancient¡¡remainsIn¡¡the¡¡
preparation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡soil¡¡for¡¡the¡¡growth¡¡of¡¡plantsMental¡¡powers¡¡of¡¡
wormsConclusion¡£
Worms¡¡have¡¡played¡¡a¡¡more¡¡important¡¡part¡¡in¡¡the¡¡history¡¡of¡¡the¡¡world¡¡
than¡¡most¡¡persons¡¡would¡¡at¡¡first¡¡suppose¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡almost¡¡all¡¡humid¡¡
countries¡¡they¡¡are¡¡extraordinarily¡¡numerous£»¡¡and¡¡for¡¡their¡¡size¡¡
possess¡¡great¡¡muscular¡¡power¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡many¡¡parts¡¡of¡¡England¡¡a¡¡weight¡¡of¡¡
more¡¡than¡¡ten¡¡tons¡¡£¨10£»516¡¡kilogrammes£©¡¡of¡¡dry¡¡earth¡¡annually¡¡
passes¡¡through¡¡their¡¡bodies¡¡and¡¡is¡¡brought¡¡to¡¡the¡¡surface¡¡on¡¡each¡¡
acre¡¡of¡¡land£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡superficial¡¡bed¡¡of¡¡vegetable¡¡mould¡¡
passes¡¡through¡¡their¡¡bodies¡¡in¡¡the¡¡course¡¡of¡¡every¡¡few¡¡years¡£¡¡¡¡From¡¡
the¡¡collapsing¡¡of¡¡the¡¡old¡¡burrows¡¡the¡¡mould¡¡is¡¡in¡¡constant¡¡though¡¡
slow¡¡movement£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡particles¡¡composing¡¡it¡¡are¡¡thus¡¡rubbed¡¡
together¡£¡¡¡¡By¡¡these¡¡means¡¡fresh¡¡surfaces¡¡are¡¡continually¡¡exposed¡¡to¡¡
the¡¡action¡¡of¡¡the¡¡carbonic¡¡acid¡¡in¡¡the¡¡soil£»¡¡and¡¡of¡¡the¡¡humus¡acids¡¡
which¡¡appear¡¡to¡¡be¡¡still¡¡more¡¡efficient¡¡in¡¡the¡¡decomposition¡¡of¡¡
rocks¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡generation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡humus¡acids¡¡is¡¡probably¡¡hastened¡¡
during¡¡the¡¡digestion¡¡of¡¡the¡¡many¡¡half¡decayed¡¡leaves¡¡which¡¡worms¡¡
consume¡£¡¡¡¡Thus¡¡the¡¡particles¡¡of¡¡earth£»¡¡forming¡¡the¡¡superficial¡¡
mould£»¡¡are¡¡subjected¡¡to¡¡conditions¡¡eminently¡¡favourable¡¡for¡¡their¡¡
decomposition¡¡and¡¡disintegration¡£¡¡¡¡Moreover£»¡¡the¡¡particles¡¡of¡¡the¡¡
softer¡¡rocks¡¡suffer¡¡some¡¡amount¡¡of¡¡mechanical¡¡trituration¡¡in¡¡the¡¡
muscular¡¡gizzards¡¡of¡¡worms£»¡¡in¡¡which¡¡small¡¡stones¡¡serve¡¡as¡¡mill¡
stones¡£
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moist¡¡condition£»¡¡flow¡¡during¡¡rainy¡¡weather¡¡down¡¡any¡¡moderate¡¡slope£»¡¡
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inclined¡¡surface¡£¡¡¡¡Castings¡¡when¡¡dry¡¡often¡¡crumble¡¡into¡¡small¡¡
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the¡¡land¡¡is¡¡quite¡¡level¡¡and¡¡is¡¡covered¡¡with¡¡herbage£»¡¡and¡¡where¡¡the¡¡
climate¡¡is¡¡humid¡¡so¡¡that¡¡much¡¡dust¡¡cannot¡¡be¡¡blown¡¡away£»¡¡it¡¡appears¡¡
at¡¡first¡¡sight¡¡impossible¡¡that¡¡there¡¡should¡¡be¡¡any¡¡appreciable¡¡
amount¡¡of¡¡sub¡aerial¡¡denudation£»¡¡but¡¡worm¡castings¡¡are¡¡blown£»¡¡
especially¡¡whilst¡¡moist¡¡and¡¡viscid£»¡¡in¡¡one¡¡uniform¡¡direction¡¡by¡¡the¡¡
prevalent¡¡winds¡¡which¡¡are¡¡accompanied¡¡by¡¡rain¡£¡¡¡¡By¡¡these¡¡several¡¡
means¡¡the¡¡superficial¡¡mould¡¡is¡¡prevented¡¡from¡¡accumulating¡¡to¡¡a¡¡
great¡¡thickness£»¡¡and¡¡a¡¡thick¡¡bed¡¡of¡¡mould¡¡checks¡¡in¡¡many¡¡ways¡¡the¡¡
disintegration¡¡of¡¡the¡¡underlying¡¡rocks¡¡an