the foundations of personality-第56节

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s　know　whom　to　trust；　by　an　intuition。）　But　as　life　proceeds；　the　most　of　us　find　that　our　judgment　of　character　is　poor；　and　we　hesitate　to　pin　anything　momentous　on　it。　Only　where　passion　blinds　us；　as　in　sex　love；　or　when　our　self…love　and　lust　for　quick　gain＇1＇　or　hate　has　been　aroused　do　we　lose　the　caution　that　is　the　antithesis　of　trust。　The　expert　in　human　relations　is　he　who　can　overcome　distrust；　the　genius　in　human　relations　is　he　who　inspires　trust。　For　the　psychopathologist　an　enormous　interest　centers　in　a　group　of　people　whom　we　may　call　paranoic。　In　his　mildest　form　the　paranoic　is　that　very　common　〃misunderstood〃　person　who　distrusts　the　attitude　and　actions　of　his　neighbors；　who　believes　himself　to　be　injured　purposely　by　every　unintentional　slight；　or　rather　who　finds　insult　and　injury　where　others　see　only　forgetfulness　or　inattention。　Of　an　inordinate　and　growing　ego；　the　paranoic　of　a　pathological　trend　develops　the　idea　or　delusion　of　persecution。　From　the　feeling　that　everything　and　every　one　is　against　him；　he　builds　up；　when　some　major　purpose　becomes　balked；　a　specific　belief　that　so　and　so　or　this　or　〃that　group　is　after　me。〃　〃They　are　trying　to　injure　or　kill　me〃　because　they　are　jealous　or　have　some　antagonistic　purpose。　Here　we　find　the　half…baked　inventor；　whose　〃inventions〃　have　been　turned　down　for　the　very　good　reason　that　they　are　of　no　value；　and　who　concludes

＇1＇　All　the　great　swindlers　show　how　the　lust　for　gain　plus　the　wiles　of　the　swindler　overcome　the　caution　and　suspicion　of　the　〃hard…headed；〃　The　Ponzi　case　is　the　latest　contribution　to　the　subject。　that　some　big　corporations　are　in　league　with　the　Patent　Office　to　prevent　him　from　competing　with　them；　here　we　have　the　〃would…be〃　artist　or　singer　or　writer　whose　efforts　are　not　appreciated；　largely　because　they　are　foolish；　but　who　believes　that　the　really　successful　（and　he　often　names　them）　hate　and　fear　him；　or　that　the　Catholics　are　after　him；　or　perhaps　the　Jews　or　the　Masons。　In　its　extreme　form　the　paranoic　is　rare　just　as　is　the　extremely　trusting　person　of　saintly　type。　But　in　minor　form　every　group　and　every　institution　has　its　paranoic；　hostile；　suspicious；　〃touchy；〃　quick　to　believe　something　is　being　put　over　on　him　and　quick　to　attribute　his　failure　to　others。　In　that　last　is　a　cardinal　point　in　the　compass　of　character。　Some　attribute　their　failure　to　others；　and　some　in　their　self…analysis　find　the　root　of　their　difficulties　and　failures　in　themselves。　Under　the　feeling　of　injustice　a　paranoid　trend　is　easily　aroused　in　all　of　us；　and　we　may　misinterpret　the　whole　world　when　laboring　under　that　feeling；　just　as　we　may；　if　we　are　correct；　see　the　social　organization　very　clearly　as　a　result。　Therein　is　the　danger　of　any　injustice　and　seeming　injustice；　As　a　result　condemnation　is　extreme；　wrongly　directed　and　with　little　constructive　value。　We　become　paranoid；　see　wrong　where　there　is　none　and　enemies　in　those　who　are　friendly。　The　over…trusting；　over…confidential　are　the　virtuous　in　excess；　and　their　damage　is　usually　localized　to　themselves　or　their　families。　They　tell　their　secrets　to　any　one　who　politely　expresses　an　interest；　they　will　hand　over　their　fortunes　to　the　flattering　stranger；　to　the　smooth…tongued。　Sometimes　they　are　merely　unworldly；　absorbed　in　unworldly　projects；　but　more　often　they　are　merely　trusting　fools。　Man　the　weak；　struggling　in　a　world　whose　forces　are　pitiless；　whose　fairest　face　hides　grim　disaster；　has　sought　to　find　some　one；　some　force；　he　might　unfailingly　trust。　He　raises　his　hands　to　heaven；　he　cries；　〃There　is　One　I　can　trust。　Though　He　smite　me　I　shall　have　faith。〃

CHAPTER　XIV。　SEX　CHARACTERS　AND　DOMESTICITY　Originally　reproduction　is　a　part　of　the　function　of　all　protoplasm；　and　in　the　primitive　life…forms　an　individual　becomes　two　by　the　〃simple　process〃　of　dividing　itself　into　halves。　Had　this　method　continued　into　the　higher　forms　most　of　the　trouble　as　well　as　most　of　the　pleasure　of　human　existence　would　never　occur。　Or　had　the　hermaphrodite　method　of　combining　two　sexes　in　the　one　individual；　so　frequent　in　the　plant　world；　found　its　way　into　the　higher　animals；　the　moral　struggles　of　man　would　have　become　simplified　into　that　resulting　from　his；　struggles　with　similar　creatures。　Literature　would　not　flourish；　the　drama　would　never　have　been　heard　of；　dancing　and　singing　would　not　need　the　attention　of　the　uplifter；　dress　would　be　a　method　of　keeping　warm；　and　life　would　be　sane　enough　but　without　the　delicious　joys　of　sex…love。　Why　are　there　two　sexes？＇1＇　I　must　refer　the　reader　to　the　specialists　in　this　matter；　but　can　assure　him　that　no　one　knows。　With　the　rise　of　Mandel's　theory　of　heredity；　it　has　been　assumed　that　such　a　scheme　offers　a　wider　variety　of　possible　character　combinations。　At　present　it　is　safe　to　say　that　no　one　can　give　a　valid　reason　for　the　existence　of　male　and　female；　and　that　while　this　elaboration　of　the　reproducing　individual　into　two　parts　may　be　necessary　for　some　purpose；　at　first　glance　it　appears　like　an　interesting　but　mysterious　complication。　＇1＇　See　Lloyd　Morgan's　book　on　sex。

I　refer　the　reader　to　textbooks　in　anatomy　and　embryology；　and　to　the　specialists　on　sex　like　Krafft…Ebbing；　Havelock　Ellis　and　Ploss　for　details　as　to　the　differences　between　man　and　woman。　There　are　first　the　essential　organs　of　generation；　differing　in　the　two　sexes；　the　ovary　furnishing　the　egg；　the　testes　furnishing　the　seed　or　sperm；　then　the　organs　of　sexual　contact；　the　secondary　sex　characteristics；　such　as　stature；　distribution　of　hair；　deposits　of　fat；　shape　of　body　and　especially　of　the　pelvis；　the　voice；　smoothness　of　skin；　muscular　development；　etc。　There　is　an　orderly　evolution　in　the　development　of　sex　characters　which　starts　with　earliest　embryo　life　and　goes　on　regularly　until　puberty；　when　there　is　an　extraordinary　development　of　latent　characters　and　peculiarities。　After　puberty　maturity　is　reached　by　easy　stages；　and　then　comes　involution　or　the　recession　of　sex　characters。　This　is　reached　in　woman　rather　suddenly　and　in　man　more　gradually。　The　completely　differentiated　man　differs　from　his　completely　differentiated　mate　in　the　texture　of　his　hair；　skin；　nails；　in　the　width　and　mobility　of　pupils；　in　the　color　of　his　sclera；　etc。；　as　well　as　in　the　more　essential　sex　organs。　Indeed　there　are　very　essential　bodily　differences　that　are　obviously　important　though　not　well　understood。　One　is　that　the　bodily　temperature　of　man　is　slightly　higher　than　that　of　woman；　and　that　he　has　five　million　red　blood　corpuscles　to　every　cubic　millimeter　of　his　blood；　while　she　has　four　and　a　half　million；　that　his　brain　weighs　considerably　more　but　is　not　heavier　proportionately；　that　her　bodily　proportions　resemble　those　of　the　child…form＇1＇　more　than　do　his；　which　some　interpret　as　a　point　of　superiority　for　her；　while　others　interpret　it　as　a　sign　of　inferiority。　On　the　whole；　the　authorities　consider　that　man　is　made　for　the　discharge　of　energy　at　a　high　rate　for　a　short　time；　he　is　the　katabolic　element；　while　woman　stores　up　energy　for　her　children　and　represents　the　anabolic　element　of　the　race。　＇1＇　See　Havelock　Ellis。

As　a　corollary　to　the　above；　it　is　necessary　to　know　that　each　human　being　（and　also　each　higher　animal）　starts　out　with　the　potential　sex　organs　of　both　sexes；　and　that　each　individual　becomes　sexually　differentiated　at　about　the　eleventh　week　of　intra…uterine　life。　Moreover　every　male　has　female　organs；　and　every　female　has　male　organs；　though　in　the　normal　conditions　these　are　mere　vestiges　and　play　no　part　in　the　sex　life　of　the　person。　Yet　this　indicates　that　the　separation　of　male　and　female　is　not　absolute；　and　logically　and　actually　a　male　may　have　female　characters；　physically　and　mentally；　and　vice　versa　a　female　may　resemble　the　male　in　structure　and　character。　The　sex　relations　have　in　the　racial　sense　reproduction　as　their　object；　but　it　is　wise　to　remember　that　in　the　whole　living　world　only　man　knows　this；　and　he　has　known　it　for　only　a　relatively　short　time。　Furthermore；　in　youth；　when　the　sexual　life　is　at　its　intensest；　this　fact；　though　known；　is　not　really　realized；　and　in　the　individual's　plans　and　desires　parenthood　figures　only　incidentally；　if　at　all。　Society；　in　its　organization；　places　its　emphasis　on　child…bearing；　and　so　indirectly　reproduction　becomes　a　great　social　aim　rather　than　an　individual　purpose。　1。　The　feeling　of　parenthood　is；　as　every　one　knows；　far　stronger　in　woman　than　in　man。　But　here　again　generalizations　are　of　no　use　to　us；　since　there　are　women　who　develop　only　a　weak　maternal　feeling；　while　there　are　men　whose　intensity　of　response　to　children　is　almost　as　great　as　any　woman's。　Undoubtedly　occupation　in　other　than　the　traditional　woman's　field　is　weakening　the　maternal　feeling　or　is　at　least　competing　with　it　in　a　way　that　divides　the　modern　mother's　emotions　and　purposes　and　is　largely　responsible　for　her　restless　nervousness。　This　I　think　may　safely　be　stated：　that　industry；　athleticism；　education；　late　marriage；　etc。；　are　not　making　for　better　physical　motherhood。＇1＇　On　the　contrary；　the　modern　woman　has　a　harder　time　in　bearing　her　children；　and　worst　of　all　she　is　showing　either　a　reluct