the foundations of personality-第51节

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of　person　who　uses　weakness　as　a　weapon　to　gain　a　purpose；　not　support。　The　tears　of　many　women　have　long　been　recognized　as　potent　in　that　warfare　that　goes　on　between　the　sexes；　the　melting　of　opposition　to　the　whim　or　wish　when　this　manifestation　of　weakness　is　used　is　an　old　story。　The　emotional　display　renders　the　man　uncomfortable；　it　disturbs　him；　he　fears　to　increase　it　lest　the　opponent　become　sick；　his　conscience　reproaches　him；　and　he　yields　rather　than　〃make　a　fuss。〃　Tears　can　be　replaced　by　symptoms　of　a　hysteric　nature。　I　do　not　mean　that　these　symptoms　are　caused　by　the　effort　to　win；　but　they　become　useful　and　are　made　habitual。　Nor　is　this　found　only　in　woman；　after　an　accident　there　are　men　in　plenty　whose　symptoms　play　a　role　in　securing　compensation　for　themselves；　not　necessarily　as　malingerers。　It　is　in　human　nature　to　desire　the　sympathy　of　others；　and　in　some　cases　this　sympathy　is　sought　because　through　sympathy　some　other　good　will　be　forthcoming；a　new　dress；　a　lump　sum　of　money；　or　merely　securing　one's　own　way。　Very　noticeably　do　children　tend　to　injure　themselves　if　crossed；　anger　tends　to　turn　on　itself；　and　the　effect　on　the　other　party　is　soon　realized；　and　often　utilized。　A　child　may　strike　its　head　against　the　floor　without　any　other　motive　than　that　arising　from　hopeless　anger；　but　if　this　brings　the　parents　to　their　knees；＇1＇　the　association　is　made　and　the　experience　becomes　part　of　the　working　technique　of　the　child。　＇1＇　This　turning　of　anger　upon　itself　is　a　factor　in　self…destruction。　It　is　seen；　so　the　naturalists　say；　in　the　snake　and　the　asp；　and　it　is　common　in　human　relations。

5。　There　is　in　man　an　urge　to　activity　independent　of　reward　save　in　the　satisfaction　that　comes　from　that　activity。　This　current　is　organized　into　work；　and　the　goal　becomes　achievement。　The　most　powerful　factor　in　discharging　the　energies　of　man　is　the　desire　for　achievement。　Wealth；　superiority；　power；　philanthropy；　renown；　safety　and　pleasure　enormously　reinforce　this　purpose；　but　behind　the　GOOD　work　of　the　world　is　the　passion　to　create；　to　make　something；　to　mold　the　resisting　forces　of　nature　into　usefulness　and　beauty。　Handicraftsman；　artist；　farmer；　miner；　housewife；　writer；all　labor　contradicts　the　legend　that　work　is　a　curse。　To　gain　by　work；　to　obtain　desires　through　labor；　is　a　method　of　attainment　that　is　a　natural　ideal　of　man。　This　makes　opportune　a　discussion　of　the　work…traits。　Since　ours　is　an　industrial　society；　in　which　the　work　of　a　member　is　his　means　of　obtaining　not　only　respect；　but　a　living；　these　traits　are　largely　those　by　which　he　is　judged　and　by　which　he　judges　himself。　Since　work　for　some　is　their　life　and　for　others　their　means　of　obtaining　a　living；　it　is　obvious　that　the　work…traits　may　be　all　the　traits　of　the　individual；　or　only　a　few　of　them。　Certain　traits　are　especially　important；　and　to　these　we　must　limit　ourselves。　The　energy　of　the　individual。　Some　are　so　constituted　that　they　can　constantly　discharge　their　energy　at　a　high　rate。　These　are　the　dynamics；　the　hyperkinetic；　the　Rooseveltianstrenuousthe　busy　people；　always　able　to　do　more。　The　modern　American　life　holds　this　type　as　an　ideal；　though　it　is　quite　questionable　whether　these　rather　over…busy　people　do　not　lose　in　reflective　and　creative　ability。　The　rushing　stream　turns　the　wheels　of　the　mills；　but　it　is　too　strenuous　for　stately　ships。　This　type　however　achieves　things；　is　seen　often　in　the　fine　executive　and　usually　needs　no　urging。　There　is　another　fine　type　not　so　well　adapted　to　our　civilization；　which　is　easily　exhausted；　but　can　accomplish　very　much　in　a　short　time；　in　other　words　discharges　energy　intermittently　at　a　high　rate。　Charles　Darwin　was　of　this　kindintermittently　hyperkinetic　obliged　to　rest　after　an　hour's　labor；　but　by　understanding　this；　WILLING　to　rest。　Unfortunately；　unless　one　is　a　genius　or　rich；　industry　does　not　make　allowances　for　this　type。　Industry　is　organized　on　steadiness　of　energy　discharge；eight　hours　every　day；　six　days　a　week。　The　commonest　type　is　the　〃average〃　person　who　is　capable　of　moderately　intense　but　constant　activity。　This　is　the　steady　man　and　woman；　it　is　upon　this　steadiness　that　the　whole　factoryshop　systemis　based。　That　this　steadiness　deadens；　injures　vivacity　and　makes　for　restlessness；　is　another　matter。　A　distinctly　pathological　type　is　found　in　some　feebleminded　and　some　high　mentalities。　This　unfortunate　discharges　energy　at　a　low　rate　is　slow　in　action　and　often　intermittent　as　well　as　hypokinetic。　The　loafer　and　the　tramp　are　of　this　type。　Around　the　water　front　of　the　seaports　one　can　find　the　finest　specimens　who　do　odd　jobs　for　as　much　as　will　pay　for　lodging　and　food　and　drink。　Perhaps　the　order　of　the　desired　rewards　should　be　reversed。　Every　village　furnishes　individuals　of　this　group；　either　unable　or　unwilling　to　work　consecutively　or　with　energy。　Often　purposeless　day…dreamers　or　else　bereft　of　normal　human　mentality；　these　are　the　chronically　unemployed　of　our　social…　industrial　system。　It　must　be　remembered　that　to　work　steadily　every　day　and　in　the　same　place　is　not　an　innate　circumstance　of　man's　life。　For　the　untold　centuries　before　he　developed　into　an　agriculturist　and　a　handicraftsman；　he　sought　his　food　and　his　protection　in　the　simplest　way　and　with　little　steady　labor。　Whether　as　hunter　or　fisher　or　nomad　herdsman；　he　lived　in　the　open　air；　slept　in　caves　or　in　rudely　constructed　shelters　and　knew　nothing　of　those　purposes　that　keep　men　working　from　morning　till　night。　It's　a　long　way　from　primitive　man　and　his　occupations；　with　their　variety　and　their　relaxations；　to　the　factory　hand；　shut　up　in　a　shop　all　day　and　doing　just　one　thing　year　in　and　year　out；　to　the　housewife　with　her　multitudinous；　never…ending　tasks　within　four　walls；　to　the　merchant　engrossed　with　profit　and　loss；　weighing；　measuring；　buying；　selling　and　worrying　without　cessation。　The　burden　of　steadiness　in　labor　is　new　to　the　race；　and　it　is　only　habit；　necessity　and　social　valuation　that　keeps　most　men　to　their　wheel。　We　would；　I　think；　be　oversentimental　in　our　treatment　of　this　subject　if　we　omitted　two　hugely　important　factors　in　work　character。　Two　powerful　motives　operate；the　necessity　of　working　and　work　as　an　escape　from　ourselves。　Not　much　need　be　said　of　the　pressure　of　necessity。　〃To　eat　one　must　work。〃　This　sentence　condenses　the　threat　behind　most　of　the　workers　of　the　world。　They　cannot　stop　if　they　wouldfor　few　are　those；　even　in　prosperous　communities；　who　have　three　months　of　idleness　in　their　savings。　The　feeling　of　insecurity　this　fact　brings　makes　a　nightmare　out　of　the　lives　of　the　many；　for　to　the　poor　worker　the　charity　organization　is　part　of　the　penalty　to　be　paid　for　sickness　or　unemployment。　To　my　mind　there　are　few　things　more　pathetic　than　a　good　man　out　of　a　job；　and　few　things　for　which　our　present　society　can　be　so　heartily　damned。　Few　even　of　the　middle　class　can　rest；　their　way　of　living　leaves　them　little　reserve；　and　so　they　plug　along；　with　necessity　as　the　spur　to　their　industry。　To　escape　ourselves！　Put　any　person　of　adult　age；　or　younger；　in　a　room　with　nothing　to　do　but　think；　and　you　reduce　him　to　abject　misery　and　restlessness。　Most　of　our　reading；　entertainment；　has　this　object；　and　if　necessity　did　not　spur　men　on　to　work　steadily；　the　tedium　of　their　own　thoughts　would。　To　reflect　is　pleasant　only　to　a　few；　and　the　need　of　a　task　is　the　need　of　the　average　human　being。　Perhaps　once　upon　a　time　in　some　idyllic　age；　some　fabled　age　of　innocence；　time　passed　pleasantly　without　work。　To…day；　work　is　the　prime　way　of　killing　time；　adding　therefore　to　its　functions　of　organizing　activity；　achievement　and　social　value　of　recreation。　Yet　contradictory　as　it　seems；　though　many　of　us　love　work　for　its　own　sake；　most　of　us　do　not　love　our　own　work。　That　is　because　few　of　us　choose　our　work；　it　is　thrust　upon　us。　Happy　is　he　who　has　chosen　and　chosen　wisely！　Industry；　energy；　steadiness　are　parts　of　the　work…equipment；　enthusiasm；　eagerness；　the　love　of　work；　in　short；　is　another　part。　Love　of　work　is　not　a　unitary　character；　it　is　a　resultant　of　many　forces　and　motives。　Springing　from　the　love　of　activity；　it　receives　its　direction　from　ambition　and　is　reinforced　by　success　and　achievement。　Few　can　continue　to　love　a　work　at　which　they　fail；　for　self…love　is　injured　and　that　paralyzes　the　activity。　Here　and　there　is　some　one　who　can　love　his　work；　even　though　he　is　half…starved　as　a　result；a　poet；　a　novelist；　an　inventor；　a　scientist；　but　these　dream　and　hope　for　better　things。　But　the　bulk　of　the　half…starved　labor　of　the　world；　half…starved　literally　as　well　as　symbolically；　has　no　light　of　hope　ahead　of　it　and　cannot　love　the　work　that　does　not　offer　a　reward。　It　is　easy　for　those　who　reap　pleasure　and　reward　from　their　labors　to　sing　of　the　joy　of　work；　business　man；　professional　man；　artist；　handicraftsman；　farmer；these　may　find　in　the　thing　they　do　the　satisfaction　of　the　creative　desires　and　the　reward　of　seeing　their　product；　but　the　factory　is　a　Frankenstein　delivering　huge　masses　of　products　but　eating　up　the　producers。　The　more　specialized　it　becomes　the　less　each　man　creates　of　the　unit；　machine　or　ornament；　the　less　he