the foundations of personality-第19节

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Woodworth　has　pointed　out。　All　associations　are　conditioned　by　the　physical　condition　of　the　patient；　by　his　mood；　by　the　nature　of　the　environment　he　finds　himself　in；　by　the　personality　of　the　examiner　and　his　powers　of　suggesting；　his　purposes　and　（very　important）　by　the　patient's　purposes；　which　he　cannot　bid　〃Disappear！〃　As　for　the　results　of　treatment；　every　neurologist　meets　patients　again　and　again　who　have　been　〃psychoanalyzed〃　without　results。　Moreover；　psychoneurotic　patients　get　well　without　treatment；　as　do　all　other　classes　of　the　sick；　and　the　Christian　Scientist；　the　osteopath　and　the　chiropractic　also　have　records　of　〃cures。〃　This　is　not　the　place　to　discuss　in　further　detail　the　Freudian　ideas　（the　wish；　the　symbol；　the　jargon　of　transference；　etc）。　The　leading　follower　of　Freud；　Jung；　has　already　broken　away　from　the　parent　church；　and　there　is　an　amusing　cry　of　heresy　raised。　Soon　the　eminent　Austrian　will　have　the　pleasure　of　seeing　a　half…dozen　schools　that　have　split　off　from　his　own；followers　of　Bleuler；　Jung；　Adler　and　others。　There　IS　a　subconsciousness　in　that　much　of　the　nervous　activity　of　the　organism　has　but　little　or　no　relation　to　consciousness。　There　are　mechanisms　laid　down　by　heredity　and　by　the　racial　structure　that　accomplish　great　functions　without　any　but　the　most　indirect　effect　on　consciousness　and　without　any　control　by　the　conscious　personality。　We　are　spurred　on　to　sex　life；　to　marriage；　to　the　care　of　our　children　by　instinct；　but　the　instinct　is　not　a　personality　any　more　than　the　automatic　heartbeat　is。　We　repress　a　forbidden　desire；　if　we　are　successful　and　really　overcome　the　desire　by　setting　up　new　desires　or　in　some　other　way；　the　inhibited　desire　is　not　locked　up　in　a　subterranean　limbo。　There　is　nothing　pathological　about　inhibition；　for　inhibition　is　as　normal　a　part　of　character　as　desire；　and　the　social　instinct　which　bids　us　inhibit　is　as　fundamental　as　the　sex　instinct。　Most　conflicts　are　on　a　conscious　plane；　but　most　people　will　not　admit　to　any　one　else　their　deeply　abhorrent　desires。　To　all　of　us；　or　nearly　all；　come　desires　and　temptations　that　we　would　not　acknowledge　for　the　world。　If　a　wise　examiner　succeeds　in　getting　us　to　admit　them；　it　is　very　agreeable　to　find　a　scapegoat　in　the　form　of　the　subconsciousness。　I　have　often　said　this　to　students：　if　all　our　thoughts　and　conscious　desires　could　be　exposed；　the　most　of　us　would　almost　die　of　shame。　True；　we　do　not　clearly　understand　ourselves　and　our　conflicts　and　explanation　is　often　necessary；　but　that　is　not　equivalent　to　the　subconsciousness；　it　merely　means　that　introspection　is　not　sagacious。　Nor　is　it　true；　in　my　belief；　that　dreams　are　important　psychical　events；　nor　that　the　subconsciousness　evades　a　censor　in　elaborating　them。　To　what　end　would　that　be　done？　What　would　be　the　use　of　it？　Suppose　that　Freud　and　his　school　had　never　been；　then　dreams　would　always　be　useless；　for　they　would　have　no　interpreter。　Men　have　dreamed　in　the　countless　ages　before　Freud　was　born；in　vain。　Think　how　the　poor；　misguided　subconsciousness　has　labored　for　nothing；and　how　grateful　it　should　be　to　Freud！　Dreams　are　results　and　have　the　same　kind　of　function　that　a　stomach…ache　has。　Things；　experiences　are　forgotten；　and　whether　they　are　remembered　or　not　depends　upon　the　number　of　times　they　are　experienced；　the　attention　they　are　given；　the　use　they　are　put　to　and　the　quality　of　the　brain　experiencing　them。　Disease　and　old　age　may　lower　the　recording　power　of　the　brain　so　that　experiences　and　sensations　do　not　stick；　and　now　and　then　the　brain　is　hypermnesic　so　that　things　are　remembered　with　surprising　ease。　The　conflicts　of　life　are　generally　conscious　conflicts；　in　my　experience。　Desires　and　lusts　that　one　does　not　know　of　do　no　harm；　it　is　the　conflict　which　we　cannot　settle；　the　choice　we　cannot　make；　the　doubt　we　cannot　resolve；　that　injures。　It　is　not　those　who　find　it　easy　to　inhibit　a　desire　or　any　impulse　that　are　troubled；　though　they　may　and　do　grow　narrow。　It　is　those　whose　unlawful　or　discordant　desires　are　not　easily　inhibited　who　find　themselves　the　theater　of　a　constant　struggle　that　breaks　them　down。　The　uneasiness　of　a　desire　that　arises　from　the　activity　of　the　sex　organs　is　not　a　manifestation　of　a　subconscious　personality；　unless　we　include　in　our　personality　our　livers；　spleen　and　internal　organs　of　all　kinds。　Such　an　uneasiness　may　not　be　clearly　understood　by　the　individual　merely　because　the　uneasiness　is　diffuse　and　not　localized。　But　there　is　no　personality；　Do　will；　wish　or　desire　in　that　uneasiness；　it　may　and　does　cause　to　arise　in　the　conscious　personality　wills　and　wishes　and　desires　against　which　there　is　rebellion　and　because　of　which　there　is　conflict。　Upon　the　issue　of　the　conflicts　within　the　personality　hangs　the　fate　of　the　individual。　Race…old　lines　of　conduct　are　inhibited　by　custom；　tradition；　teaching；　conformity　and　the　social　instinct　and　its　allies。　Here　is　a　subject　worthy　of　extended　consideration。　Freud　has　done　the　thought　of　our　times　a　great　service　in　emphasizing　conflict。　From　the　earliest　restriction　laid　by　men　on　his　own　conduct；　wrestling　with　desire　and　temptation　has　been　the　greatest　of　man's　struggles。　Internal　warfare　between　opposing　purposes　and　desires　may　proceed　to　a　disruption　of　the　personality；　to　failure　and　unhappiness；　or　else　to　a　solidified　personality；　efficient；　single…minded　and　successful。　Freud's　work　has　directed　our　attention　to　the　thousand　and　one　aberrant　desires　that　we　will　hardly　acknowledge　to　ourselves；　and　he　has　forced　the　professional　worker　in　abnormal　and　normal　mental　life　to　disregard　his　own　prejudices；　to　strip　away　the　camouflage　that　we　put　over　our　motives　and　our　struggles。　Together　with　Jung　and　Bleuler；　he　has　helped　our　science　of　character　a　great　deal　through　no　other　method　than　by　arousing　it　to　action　against　him。　In　order　to　fight　him；　our　thought　has　been　forced　to　arm　itself　with　the　weapons　that　he　has　used。

CHAPTER　VI。　EMOTION；　INSTINCT；　INTELLIGENCE　AND　WILL　In　a　preceding　chapter　we　discussed　man　as　an　organism　reacting　against　an　outside　world　and　spurred　on　by　internal　activities　and　needs。　We　discussed　stimulation；　reflexes；　inhibition；　choice　and　the　organizing　activity；　memory　and　habit；　consciousness　and　subconsciousness；　all　of　which　are　primary　activities　of　the　organism。　But　these　are　mere　theories　of　function；　for　the　activities　we　are　interested　in　reside　in　more　definite　reactions；　of　which　the　foregoing　are　parts。　We　see　a　dreaded　object　on　the　horizon　or　foresee　a　calamity；and　we　fear。　That　state　of　the　organism　（note　I　do　not　say　that　STATE　OF　MIND）　resulting　from　the　vision　is　an　emotion。　We　fly　at　once；　we　hide；　and　the　action　is　in　obedience　to　an　instinct。　But　ordinarily　we　do　not　fly　or　hide　haphazard；　we　think　of　ways　and　means；　if　only　in　a　rudimentary　fashion；　we　shape　plans；　perhaps　as　we　fly；　we　pick　up　a　stick　on　the　run；　hoping　to　escape　but　preparing　for　the　reaction　of　fight　if　cornered。　〃What　shall　I　dowhat　shall　I　do？　finds　no　conscious　answer　if　the　emotion　is　overwhelming　or　the　instinctive　flight　a　pell…mell　affair；　but　ordinarily　memories　of　other　experiences　or　of　teaching　come　into　the　mind　and　some　effort　is　made　to　meet　the　situation　in　an　〃intelligent〃　manner。　Here；　then；　is　a　response　in　which　three　cardinal　reactions　have　occurred　and　are　blended；the　emotion；　the　instinctive　action；　and　the　intelligent　action；　or　to　make　abstractions；　emotion；　instinct　and　intelligence。　（Personally；　I　think　half　the　trouble　with　our　thought　is　that；　we　abstract　from　our　experiences　a　common　group　of　associations　and　believe　that　the　abstraction　has　some　existence　outside　our　thoughts。）　Thus　there　arise　in　us；　as　a　result　of　things　experienced；　curious　feelings　and　we　speak　of　the　feelings　as　emotions；　we　make　a　race…old　response　to　a　situation；an　instinctive　reaction；　our　memories；　past　experiences　and　present　purposes　are　stirred　into　activity；　and　we　plan　and　scheme；　and　this　is　an　intelligent　reaction；　but　there　is　in　reality　no　metaphysical　entity　Emotion；　Instinct；　Intelligence。　I　believe　that　here　the　philosophers　whose　mental　activities　are　essentially　in　the　direction　of　forming　abstract　ideas　have　misled　us。　What　I　wish　to　point　out　is　this：　that　to　any　situation　all　three　reactions　may　take　place　and　modify　one　another。　We　are　insultedsome　one　slaps　our　facethe　fierce　emotion　of　anger　arises　and　through　us　surge　waves　of　feeling　manifested　on　the　motor　side　by　tensed　muscles；　rapid　heart；　harsh　breathing；　perhaps　a　general　reddening　of　face　and　eyes。　Instinctively　our　fists　are　clenched；　a　part　of　the　reaction　of　fight；　and　it　needs　but　the　slightest　increase　of　anger　to　send　us　leaping　on　the　aggressor；　to　fight　him　perhaps　to　the　death。　But　no；the　situation　has　aroused　certain　memories　and　certain　inhibitions：　the　one　who　struck　us　has　been　our　friend　and　we　can　see　that　he　is　acting　under　a　mistaken　impression；　or　else　we　perceive　that　he　is　right；　that　we　have　done　him　a　wrong　for　which　his　blow　is　a　sort　of　just　reaction。　We　are　checked　by　these　cerebral　activities；　we　choose　some　other　reaction　than　fight；　perhaps　we　prevent　him　from　further　assault；　or　we　turn　and　walk