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we　may　say　the　title　of　Admiral　came　naturally　to　him；　since　he　used　it　in　the　title…page　to　his　〃Description　of　New　England；〃　published　in　1616；　although　it　was　not　till　1617　that　the　commissioners　at　Plymouth　agreed　to　bestow　upon　him　the　title　of　〃Admiral　of　that　country。〃

In　1630　he　published　〃　The　True　Travels；　Adventures　and　Observations　of　Captain　John　Smith；　in　Europe；　Asia；　Affrica　and　America；　from　1593　to　1629。　　Together　with　a　Continuation　of　his　General　History　of　Virginia；　Summer　Isles；　New　England；　and　their　proceedings　since　1624　to　this　present　1629：　as　also　of　the　new　Plantations　of　the　great　River　of　the　Amazons；　the　Isles　of　St。　　Christopher；　Mevis　and　Barbadoes　in　the　West　Indies。〃　　In　the　dedication　to　William；　Earl　of　Pembroke；　and　Robert；　Earl　of　Lindsay；　he　says　it　was　written　at　the　request　of　Sir　Robert　Cotton；　the　learned　antiquarian；　and　he　the　more　willingly　satisfies　this　noble　desire　because；　as　he　says；　〃they　have　acted　my　fatal　tragedies　on　the　stage；　and　racked　my　relations　at　their　pleasure。　　To　prevent；　therefore；　all　future　misprisions；　I　have　compiled　this　true　discourse。　　Envy　hath　taxed　me　to　have　writ　too　much；　and　done　too　little；　but　that　such　should　know　how　little；　I　esteem　them；　I　have　writ　this　more　for　the　satisfaction　of　my　friends；　and　all　generous　and　well…disposed　readers：　To　speak　only　of　myself　were　intolerable　ingratitude：　because；　having　had　many　co…　partners　with　me；　I　cannot　make　a　Monument　for　myself；　and　leave　them　unburied　in　the　fields；　whose　lives　begot　me　the　title　of　Soldier；　for　as　they　were　companions　with　me　in　my　dangers；　so　shall　they　be　partakers　with　me　in　this　Tombe。〃　　In　the　same　dedication　he　spoke　of　his　〃Sea　Grammar〃　caused　to　be　printed　by　his　worthy　friend　Sir　Samuel　Saltonstall。

This　volume；　like　all　others　Smith　published；　is　accompanied　by　a　great　number　of　swollen　panegyrics　in　verse；　showing　that　the　writers　had　been　favored　with　the　perusal　of　the　volume　before　it　was　published。　　Valor；　piety；　virtue；　learning；　wit；　are　by　them　ascribed　to　the　〃great　Smith；〃　who　is　easily　the　wonder　and　paragon　of　his。　age。　　All　of　them　are　stuffed　with　the　affected　conceits　fashionable　at　the　time。　　One　of　the　most　pedantic　of　these　was　addressed　to　him　by　Samuel　Purchas　when　the　〃General　Historie　〃　was　written。

The　portrait　of　Smith　which　occupies　a　corner　in　the　Map　of　Virginia　has　in　the　oval　the　date；　〃AEta　37；　A。　16l6；〃　and　round　the　rim　the　inscription：　〃　Portraictuer　of　Captaine　John　Smith；　Admirall　of　New　England；〃　and　under　it　these　lines　engraved：

　　　　　　　〃These　are　the　Lines　that　show　thy　face：　but　those　　　　　　　　That　show　thy　Grace　and　Glory　brighter　bee：　　　　　　　　Thy　Faire　Discoveries　and　Fowle…Overthrowes　　　　　　　　Of　Salvages；　much　Civilized　by　thee　　　　　　　　Best　shew　thy　Spirit；　and　to　it　Glory　Wyn；　　　　　　　　So；　thou　art　Brasse　without；　but　Golde　within；　　　　　　　　If　so；　in　Brasse　（too　soft　smiths　Acts　to　beare）　　　　　　　　I　fix　thy　Fame　to　make　Brasse　steele　outweare。

Thine　as　thou　art　Virtues　JOHN　DAVIES；　Heref。〃


In　this　engraving　Smith　is　clad　in　armor；　with　a　high　starched　collar；　and　full　beard　and　mustache　formally　cut。　　His　right　hand　rests　on　his　hip；　and　his　left　grasps　the　handle　of　his　sword。　　The　face　is　open　and　pleasing　and　full　of　decision。

This　〃true　discourse〃　contains　the　wild　romance　with　which　this　volume　opens；　and　is　pieced　out　with　recapitulations　of　his　former　writings　and　exploits；　compilations　from　others'　relations；　and　general　comments。　　We　have　given　from　it　the　story　of　his　early　life；　because　there　is　absolutely　no　other　account　of　that　part　of　his　career。　　We　may　assume　that　up　to　his　going　to　Virginia　he　did　lead　a　life　of　reckless　adventure　and　hardship；　often　in　want　of　a　decent　suit　of　clothes　and　of　〃regular　meals。〃　　That　he　took　some　part　in　the　wars　in　Hungary　is　probable；　notwithstanding　his　romancing　narrative；　and　he　may　have　been　captured　by　the　Turks。　　But　his　account　of　the　wars　there；　and　of　the　political　complications；　we　suspect　are　cribbed　from　the　old　chronicles；　probably　from　the　Italian；　while　his　vague　descriptions　of　the　lands　and　people　in　Turkey　and　〃Tartaria〃　are　evidently　taken　from　the　narratives　of　other　travelers。　　It　seems　to　me　that　the　whole　of　his　story　of　his　oriental　captivity　lacks　the　note　of　personal　experience。　　If　it　were　not　for　the　〃patent〃　of　Sigismund　（which　is　only　produced　and　certified　twenty　years　after　it　is　dated）；　the　whole　Transylvania　legend　would　appear　entirely　apocryphal。

The　〃True　Travels〃　close　with　a　discourse　upon　the　bad　life；　qualities；　and　conditions　of　pirates。　　The　most　ancient　of　these　was　one　Collis；　〃who　most　refreshed　himself　upon　the　coast　of　Wales；　and　Clinton　and　Pursser；　his　companions；　who　grew　famous　till　Queen　Elizabeth　of　blessed　memory　hanged　them　at　Wapping。　　The　misery　of　a　Pirate　（although　many　are　as　sufficient　seamen　as　any）　yet　in　regard　of　his　superfluity；　you　shall　find　it　such；　that　any　wise　man　would　rather　live　amongst　wild　beasts；　than　them；　therefore　let　all　unadvised　persons　take　heed　how　they　entertain　that　quality；　and　I　could　wish　merchants；　gentlemen；　and　all　setters…forth　of　ships　not　to　be　sparing　of　a　competent　pay；　nor　true　payment；　for　neither　soldiers　nor　seamen　can　live　without　means；　but　necessity　will　force　them　to　steal；　and　when　they　are　once　entered　into　that　trade　they　are　hardly　reclaimed。〃

Smith　complains　that　the　play…writers　had　appropriated　his　adventures；　but　does　not　say　that　his　own　character　had　been　put　upon　the　stage。　　In　Ben　Jonson's　〃Staple　of　News；〃　played　in　1625；　there　is　a　reference　to　Pocahontas　in　the　dialogue　that　occurs　between　Pick…lock　and　Pennyboy　Canter：

Pick。　A　tavern's　unfit　too　for　a　princess。

P。　　Cant。　No；　I　have　known　a　Princess　and　a　great　one；　Come　forth　of　a　tavern。

Pick。　Not　go　in　Sir；　though。

A　Cant。　She　must　go　in；　if　she　came　forth。　　The　blessed　Pocahontas；　as　the　historian　calls　her；　And　great　King's　daughter　of　Virginia；　Hath　been　in　womb　of　tavern。

The　last　work　of　our　author　was　published　in　1631；　the　year　of　his　death。　　Its　full　title　very　well　describes　the　contents：　〃Advertisements　for　the　Unexperienced　Planters　of　New　England；　or　anywhere。　　Or；　the　Pathway　to　Experience　to　erect　a　Plantation。　　With　the　yearly　proceedings　of　this　country　in　fishing　and　planting　since　the　year　1614　to　the　year　1630；　and　their　present　estate。　　Also；　how　to　prevent　the　greatest　inconvenience　by　their　proceedings　in　Virginia；　and　other　plantations　by　approved　examples。　　With　the　countries　armes；　a　description　of　the　coast；　harbours；　habitations；　landmarks；　latitude　and　longitude：　with　the　map　allowed　by　our　Royall　King　Charles。〃

Smith　had　become　a　trifle　cynical　in　regard　to　the　newsmongers　of　the　day；　and　quaintly　remarks　in　his　address　to　the　reader：　〃Apelles　by　the　proportion　of　a　foot　could　make　the　whole　proportion　of　a　man：　were　he　now　living；　he　might　go　to　school；　for　now　thousands　can　by　opinion　proportion　kingdoms；　cities　and　lordships　that　never　durst　adventure　to　see　them。　　Malignancy　I　expect　from　these；　have　lived　10　or　12　years　in　those　actions；　and　return　as　wise　as　they　went；　claiming　time　and　experience　for　their　tutor　that　can　neither　shift　Sun　nor　moon；　nor　say　their　compass；　yet　will　tell　you　of　more　than　all　the　world　betwixt　the　Exchange；　Paul's　and　Westminster。。。。　and　tell　as　well　what　all　England　is　by　seeing　but　Mitford　Haven　as　what　Apelles　was　by　the　picture　of　his　great　toe。〃

This　is　one　of　Smith's　most　characteristic　productions。　　Its　material　is　ill…arranged；　and　much　of　it　is　obscurely　written；　it　runs　backward　and　forward　along　his　life；　refers　constantly　to　his　former　works　and　repeats　them；　complains　of　the　want　of　appreciation　of　his　services；　and　makes　himself　the　centre　of　all　the　colonizing　exploits　of　the　age。　　Yet　it　is　interspersed　with　strokes　of　humor　and　observations　full　of　good　sense。

It　opens　with　the　airy　remark：　〃The　wars　in　Europe；　Asia　and　Africa；　taught　me　how　to　subdue　the　wild　savages　in　Virginia　and　New　England。〃　　He　never　did　subdue　the　wild　savages　in　New　England；　and　he　never　was　in　any　war　in　Africa；　nor　in　Asia；　unless　we　call　his　piratical　cruising　in　the　Mediterranean　〃wars　in　Asia。〃

As　a　Church　of　England　man；　Smith　is　not　well　pleased　with　the　occupation　of　New　England　by　the　Puritans；　Brownists；　and　such　〃factious　humorists〃　as　settled　at　New　Plymouth；　although　he　acknowledges　the　wonderful　patience　with　which；　in　their　ignorance　and　willfulness；　they　have　endured　losses　and　extremities；　but　he　hopes　better　things　of　the　gentlemen　who　went　in　1629　to　supply　Endicott　at　Salem；　and　were　followed　the　next　year　by　Winthrop。　　All　these　adventurers　have；　he　says；　made　use　of　his　〃aged　endeavors。〃　It　seems　presumptuous　in　them　to　try　to　get　on　with　his　maps　and　descriptions　and　without　him。　　They　probably　had　never　heard；　except　in　the　title…pages　of　his　works；　that　he　was　〃Admiral　of　New　England。〃

Even　as　late　as　this　time　many　supposed　New　England　to　be　an　island；　but　Smith　again　asserts；　what　he　had　always　maintainedthat　it　was　a　part　of　the　continent。　　The　expedition　of　Winthrop　was　scattered　by　a　storm；　and　reached　Salem　with　the　loss　of　threescore　dead　and　many　sick；　to　find　as　many　of　the