the complete writings-3-第63节
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The next published mention of Pocahontas； in point of time； is in Chapter X。 and the last of the appendix to the 〃Map of Virginia；〃 and is Smith's denial； already quoted； of his intention to marry Pocahontas。 In this passage he speaks of her as 〃at most not past 13 or 14 years of age。〃 If she was thirteen or fourteen in 1609； when Smith left Virginia； she must have been more than ten when he wrote his 〃True Relation；〃 composed in the winter of 1608； which in all probability was carried to England by Captain Nelson； who left Jamestown June 2d。
The next contemporary authority to be consulted in regard to Pocahontas is William Strachey； who； as we have seen； went with the expedition of Gates and Somers； was shipwrecked on the Bermudas； and reached Jamestown May 23 or 24； 1610； and was made Secretary and Recorder of the colony under Lord Delaware。 Of the origin and life of Strachey； who was a person of importance in Virginia； little is known。 The better impression is that he was the William Strachey of Saffron Walden； who was married in 1588 and was living in 1620； and that it was his grandson of the same name who was subsequently connected with the Virginia colony。 He was； judged by his writings； a man of considerable education； a good deal of a pedant； and shared the credulity and fondness for embellishment of the writers of his time。 His connection with Lord Delaware； and his part in framing the code of laws in Virginia； which may be inferred from the fact that he first published them； show that he was a trusted and capable man。
William Strachey left behind him a manuscript entitled 〃The Historie of Travaile into Virginia Britanica； &c。； gathered and observed as well by those who went first thither； as collected by William Strachey； gent。； three years thither； employed as Secretaire of State。〃 How long he remained in Virginia is uncertain； but it could not have been 〃three years；〃 though he may have been continued Secretary for that period； for he was in London in 1612； in which year he published there the laws of Virginia which had been established by Sir Thomas Gates May 24； 1610； approved by Lord Delaware June 10； 1610； and enlarged by Sir Thomas Dale June 22； 1611。
The 〃Travaile〃 was first published by the Hakluyt Society in 1849。 When and where it was written； and whether it was all composed at one time； are matters much in dispute。 The first book； descriptive of Virginia and its people； is complete； the second book； a narration of discoveries in America； is unfinished。 Only the first book concerns us。 That Strachey made notes in Virginia may be assumed； but the book was no doubt written after his return to England
＇This code of laws； with its penalty of whipping and death for what are held now to be venial offenses； gives it a high place among the Black Codes。 One clause will suffice：
〃Every man and woman duly twice a day upon the first towling of the Bell shall upon the working daies repaire unto the church； to hear divine service upon pain of losing his or her allowance for the first omission； for the second to be whipt； and for the third to be condemned to the Gallies for six months。 Likewise no man or woman shall dare to violate the Sabbath by any gaming； publique or private； abroad or at home； but duly sanctifie and observe the same； both himselfe and his familie； by preparing themselves at home with private prayer； that they may be the better fitted for the publique； according to the commandments of God； and the orders of our church； as also every man and woman shall repaire in the morning to the divine service； and sermons preached upon the Sabbath day； and in the afternoon to divine service； and Catechism upon paine for the first fault to lose their provision； and allowance for the whole week following； for the second to lose the said allowance and also to be whipt； and for the third to suffer death。〃＇
Was it written before or after the publication of Smith's 〃Map and Description〃 at Oxford in 1612？ The question is important； because Smith's 〃Description〃 and Strachey's 〃Travaile〃 are page after page literally the same。 One was taken from the other。 Commonly at that time manuscripts seem to have been passed around and much read before they were published。 Purchas acknowledges that he had unpublished manuscripts of Smith when he compiled his narrative。 Did Smith see Strachey's manuscript before he published his Oxford tract； or did Strachey enlarge his own notes from Smith's description？ It has been usually assumed that Strachey cribbed from Smith without acknowledgment。 If it were a question to be settled by the internal evidence of the two accounts； I should incline to think that Smith condensed his description from Strachey； but the dates incline the balance in Smith's favor。
Strachey in his 〃Travaile〃 refers sometimes to Smith； and always with respect。 It will be noted that Smith's 〃Map〃 was engraved and published before the 〃Description〃 in the Oxford tract。 Purchas had it； for he says； in writing of Virginia for his 〃Pilgrimage〃 （which was published in 1613）：
〃Concerning…the latter ＇Virginia＇； Capt。 John Smith； partly by word of mouth； partly by his mappe thereof in print； and more fully by a Manuscript which he courteously communicated to mee； hath acquainted me with that whereof himselfe with great perill and paine； had been the discoverer。〃 Strachey in his 〃Travaile〃 alludes to it； and pays a tribute to Smith in the following： 〃Their severall habitations are more plainly described by the annexed mappe； set forth by Capt。 Smith； of whose paines taken herein I leave to the censure of the reader to judge。 Sure I am there will not return from thence in hast； any one who hath been more industrious； or who hath had （Capt。 Geo。 Percie excepted） greater experience amongst them； however misconstruction may traduce here at home； where is not easily seen the mixed sufferances； both of body and mynd； which is there daylie； and with no few hazards and hearty griefes undergon。〃
There are two copies of the Strachey manuscript。 The one used by the Hakluyt Society is dedicated to Sir Francis Bacon； with the title of 〃Lord High Chancellor；〃 and Bacon had not that title conferred on him till after 1618。 But the copy among the Ashmolean manuscripts at Oxford is dedicated to Sir Allen Apsley； with the title of 〃Purveyor to His Majestie's Navie Royall〃； and as Sir Allen was made 〃Lieutenant of the Tower〃 in 1616； it is believed that the manuscript must have been written before that date； since the author would not have omitted the more important of the two titles in his dedication。
Strachey's prefatory letter to the Council； prefixed to his 〃Laws〃 （1612）； is dated 〃From my lodging in the Black Friars。 At your best pleasures； either to return unto the colony； or pray for the success of it heere。〃 In his letter he speaks of his experience in the Bermudas and Virginia： 〃The full storie of both in due time ＇I＇ shall consecrate unto your view。。。。 Howbit since many impediments； as yet must detaine such my observations in the shadow of darknesse； untill I shall be able to deliver them perfect unto your judgments；〃 etc。
This is not； as has been assumed； a statement that the observations were not written then； only that they were not 〃perfect〃； in fact； they were detained in the 〃shadow of darknesse〃 till the year 1849。 Our own inference is； from all the circumstances； that Strachey began his manuscript in Virginia or shortly after his return； and added to it and corrected it from time to time up to 1616。
We are now in a position to consider Strachey's allusions to Pocahontas。 The first occurs in his description of the apparel of Indian women：
〃The better sort of women cover themselves （for the most part） all over with skin mantells； finely drest； shagged and fringed at the skyrt； carved and coloured with some pretty work； or the proportion of beasts； fowle； tortayses； or other such like imagry； as shall best please or expresse the fancy of the wearer； their younger women goe not shadowed amongst their owne companie； until they be nigh eleaven or twelve returnes of the leafe old （for soe they accompt and bring about the yeare； calling the fall of the leaf tagnitock）； nor are thev much ashamed thereof； and therefore would the before remembered Pocahontas； a well featured； but wanton yong girle； Powhatan's daughter； sometymes resorting to our fort； of the age then of eleven or twelve yeares； get the boyes forth with her into the markett place； and make them wheele； falling on their hands； turning up their heeles upwards； whome she would followe and wheele so herself； naked as she was； all the fort over； but being once twelve yeares； they put on a kind of semecinctum lethern apron （as do our artificers or handycrafts men） before their bellies； and are very shamefac't to be seene bare。 We have seene some use mantells made both of Turkey feathers； and other fowle； so prettily wrought and woven with threeds； that nothing could be discerned but the feathers； which were exceedingly warme and very handsome。〃
Strachey did not see Pocahontas。 She did not resort to the camp after the departure of Smith in September； 1609； until she was kidnapped by Governor Dale in April； 1613。 He
