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oked　with　peas；　and　the　Captain　and　King　ate　familiarly　together；　〃he　eat　very　freshly　of　our　meats；　dranck　of　our　beere；　aquavite；　and　sack。〃　　Under　the　influence　of　this　sack　and　aquavite　the　King　was　very　communicative　about　the　interior　of　the　country；　and　promised　to　guide　them　to　the　mines　of　iron　and　copper；　but　the　wary　chief　seems　to　have　thought　better　of　it　when　he　got　sober；　and　put　them　off　with　the　difficulties　and　dangers　of　the　way。

On　one　of　the　islets　below　the　Falls；　Captain　Newport　set　up　a　cross　with　the　inscription　〃Jacobus；　Rex；　1607；〃　and　his　own　name　beneath；　and　James　was　proclaimed　King　with　a　great　shout。　　Powhatan　was　displeased　with　their　importunity　to　go　further　up　the　river；　and　departed　with　all　the　Indians；　except　the　friendly　Navirans；　who　had　accompanied　them　from　Arahatic。　　Navirans　greatly　admired　the　cross；　but　Newport　hit　upon　an　explanation　of　its　meaning　that　should　dispel　the　suspicions　of　Powhatan。　　He　told　him　that　the　two　arms　of　the　cross　signified　King　Powhatan　and　himself；　the　fastening　of　it　in　the　middle　was　their　united　league；　and　the　shout　was　the　reverence　he　did　to　Powhatan。　　This　explanation　being　made　to　Powhatan　greatly　contented　him；　and　he　came　on　board　and　gave　them　the　kindest　farewell　when　they　dropped　down　the　river。　　At　Arahatic　they　found　the　King　had　provided　victuals　for　them；　but；　says　Newport；　〃the　King　told　us　that　he　was　very　sick　and　not　able　to　sit　up　long　with　us。〃　The　inability　of　the　noble　red　man　to　sit　up　was　no　doubt　due　to　too　much　Christian　sack　and　aquavite；　for　on　〃Monday　he　came　to　the　water　side；　and　we　went　ashore　with　him　again。　　He　told　us　that　our　hot　drinks；　he　thought；　caused　him　grief；　but　that　he　was　well　again；　and　we　were　very　welcome。〃

It　seems；　therefore；　that　to　Captain　Newport；　who　was　a　good　sailor　in　his　day；　and　has　left　his　name　in　Virginia　in　Newport　News；　must　be　given　the　distinction　of　first　planting　the　cross　in　Virginia；　with　a　lie；　and　watering　it；　with　aquavite。

They　dropped　down　the　river　to　a　place　called　Mulberry　Shade；　where　the　King　killed　a　deer　and　prepared　for　them　another　feast；　at　which　they　had　rolls　and　cakes　made　of　wheat。　　〃This　the　women　make　and　are　very　cleanly　about　it。　　We　had　parched　meal；　excellent　good；　sodd　＇cooked＇　beans；　which　eat　as　sweet　as　filbert　kernels；　in　a　manner；　strawberries；　and　mulberries　were　shaken　off　the　tree；　dropping　on　our　heads　as　we　sat。　　He　made　ready　a　land　turtle；　which　we　ate；　and　showed　that　he　was　heartily　rejoiced　in　our　company。〃　　Such　was　the　amiable　disposition　of　the　natives　before　they　discovered　the　purpose　of　the　whites　to　dispossess　them　of　their　territory。　　That　night　they　stayed　at　a　place　called　〃Kynd　Woman's　Care；〃　where　the　people　offered　them　abundant　victual　and　craved　nothing　in　return。

Next　day　they　went　ashore　at　a　place　Newport　calls　Queen　Apumatuc's　Bower。　　This　Queen；　who　owed　allegiance　to　Powhatan；　had　much　land　under　cultivation；　and　dwelt　in　state　on　a　pretty　hill。　　This　ancient　representative　of　woman's　rights　in　Virginia　did　honor　to　her　sex。　She　came　to　meet　the　strangers　in　a　show　as　majestical　as　that　of　Powhatan　himself：　〃She　had　an　usher　before　her；　who　brought　her　to　the　matt　prepared　under　a　faire　mulberry…tree；　where　she　sat　down　by　herself；　with　a　stayed　countenance。　　She　would　permitt　none　to　stand　or　sitt　neare　her。　　She　is　a　fatt；　lustie；　manly　woman。　　She　had　much　copper　about　her　neck；　a　coronet　of　copper　upon　her　hed。　　She　had　long；　black　haire；　which　hanged　loose　down　her　back　to　her　myddle；　which　only　part　was　covered　with　a　deare's　skyn；　and　ells　all　naked。　She　had　her　women　attending　her；　adorned　much　like　herself　（except　they　wanted　the　copper）。　　Here　we　had　our　accustomed　eates；　tobacco；　and　welcome。　　Our　Captaine　presented　her　with　guyfts　liberally；　whereupon　shee　cheered　somewhat　her　countenance；　and　requested　him　to　shoote　off　a　piece；　whereat　（we　noted）　she　showed　not　near　the　like　feare　as　Arahatic；　though　he　be　a　goodly　man。〃

The　company　was　received　with　the　same　hospitality　by　King　Pamunkey；　whose　land　was　believed　to　be　rich　in　copper　and　pearls。　　The　copper　was　so　flexible　that　Captain　Newport　bent　a　piece　of　it　the　thickness　of　his　finger　as　if　it　had　been　lead。　　The　natives　were　unwilling　to　part　with　it。　　The　King　had　about　his　neck　a　string　of　pearls　as　big　as　peas；　which　would　have　been　worth　three　or　four　hundred　pounds；　if　the　pearls　had　been　taken　from　the　mussels　as　they　should　have　been。

Arriving　on　their　route　at　Weanock；　some　twenty　miles　above　the　fort；　they　were　minded　to　visit　Paspahegh　and　another　chief　Jamestown　lay　in　the　territory　of　Paspaheghbut　suspicious　signs　among　the　natives　made　them　apprehend　trouble　at　the　fort；　and　they　hastened　thither　to　find　their　suspicions　verified。　　The　day　before；　May　26th；　the　colony　had　been　attacked　by　two　hundred　Indians　（four　hundred；　Smith　says）；　who　were　only　beaten　off　when　they　had　nearly　entered　the　fort；　by　the　use　of　the　artillery。　　The　Indians　made　a　valiant　fight　for　an　hour；　eleven　white　men　were　wounded；　of　whom　one　died　afterwards；　and　a　boy　was　killed　on　the　pinnace。　　This　loss　was　concealed　from　the　Indians；　who　for　some　time　seem　to　have　believed　that　the　whites　could　not　be　hurt。　　Four　of　the　Council　were　hurt　in　this　fight；　and　President　Wingfield；　who　showed　himself　a　valiant　gentleman；　had　a　shot　through　his　beard。　　They　killed　eleven　of　the　Indians；　but　their　comrades　lugged　them　away　on　their　backs　and　buried　them　in　the　woods　with　a　great　noise。　　For　several　days　alarms　and　attacks　continued；　and　four　or　five　men　were　cruelly　wounded；　and　one　gentleman；　Mr。　Eustace　Cloville；　died　from　the　effects　of　five　arrows　in　his　body。

Upon　this　hostility；　says　Smith；　the　President　was　contented　the　fort　should　be　palisaded；　and　the　ordnance　mounted；　and　the　men　armed　and　exercised。　　The　fortification　went　on；　but　the　attacks　continued；　and　it　was　unsafe　for　any　to　venture　beyond　the　fort。

Dissatisfaction　arose　evidently　with　President　Wingfield's　management。　　Captain　Newport　says：　〃　There　being　among　the　gentlemen　and　all　the　company　a　murmur　and　grudge　against　certain　proceedings　and　inconvenient　courses　＇Newport＇　put　up　a　petition　to　the　Council　for　reformation。〃　　The　Council　heeded　this　petition；　and　urged　to　amity　by　Captain　Newport；　the　company　vowed　faithful　love　to　each　other　and　obedience　to　the　superiors。　　On　the　10th　of　June；　Captain　Smith　was　sworn　of　the　Council。　　In　his　〃General　Historie；〃　not　published　till　1624；　he　says：　〃Many　were　the　mischiefs　that　daily　sprung　from　their　ignorant　（yet　ambitious）　spirits；　but　the　good　doctrine　and　exhortation　of　our　preacher　Mr。　Hunt；　reconciled　them　and　caused　Captain　Smith　to　be　admitted　to　the　Council。〃　　The　next　day　they　all　partook　of　the　holy　communion。

In　order　to　understand　this　quarrel；　which　was　not　by　any　means　appeased　by　this　truce；　and　to　determine　Captain　Smith's　responsibility　for　it；　it　is　necessary　to　examine　all　the　witnesses。　Smith　is　unrestrained　in　his　expression　of　his　contempt　for　Wingfield。　　But　in　the　diary　of　Wingfield　we　find　no　accusation　against　Smith　at　this　date。　　Wingfield　says　that　Captain　Newport　before　he　departed　asked　him　how　he　thought　himself　settled　in　the　government；　and　that　he　replied　〃that　no　disturbance　could　endanger　him　or　the　colony；　but　it　must　be　wrought　either　by　Captain　Gosnold　or　Mr。　Archer；　for　the　one　was　strong　with　friends　and　followers　and　could　if　he　would；　and　the　other　was　troubled　with　an　ambitious　spirit　and　would　if　he　could。〃

The　writer　of　Newport's　〃Relatyon〃　describes　the　Virginia　savages　as　a　very　strong　and　lusty　race；　and　swift　warriors。　　〃Their　skin　is　tawny；　not　so　borne；　but　with　dyeing　and　painting　themselves；　in　which　they　delight　greatly。〃　　That　the　Indians　were　born　white　was；　as　we　shall　see　hereafter；　a　common　belief　among　the　first　settlers　in　Virginia　and　New　England。　　Percy　notes　a　distinction　between　maids　and　married　women：　〃The　maids　shave　close　the　fore　part　and　sides　of　their　heads；　and　leave　it　long　behind；　where　it　is　tied　up　and　hangs　down　to　the　hips。　　The　married　women　wear　their　hair　all　of　a　length；　but　tied　behind　as　that　of　maids　is。　　And　the　women　scratch　on　their　bodies　and　limbs；　with　a　sharp　iron；　pictures　of　fowls；　fish；　and　beasts；　and　rub　into　the　'drawings'　lively　colors　which　dry　into　the　flesh　and　are　permanent。〃　　The　〃Relatyon　〃　says　the　people　are　witty　and　ingenious　and　allows　them　many　good　qualities；　but　makes　this　exception：　〃The　people　steal　anything　comes　near　them；　yea；　are　so　practiced　in　this　art；　that　looking　in　our　face；　they　would　with　their　foot；　between　their　toes；　convey　a　chisel；　knife；　percer；　or　any　indifferent　light　thing；　which　having　once　conveyed；　they　hold　it　an　injury　to　take　the　same　from　them。　　They　are　naturally　given　to　treachery；　howbeit　we　could　not　find　it　in　our　travel　up　the　river；　but　rather　a　most　kind　and　loving　people。〃




VI

QUARRELS　AND　HARDSHIPS

On　Sunday；　June　21st；　they　took　the　communion　lovingly　together。　That　evening　Captain　Newport　gave　a　farewell　supper　on　board　his　vessel。　　The　22d　he　sailed　in　the　Susan　Constant　for　England；　carrying　specimens　of　the　woods　and　minerals；　and　made　the　short　passage　of　five