the complete writings-3-第34节
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well as in India； but we are convinced that the substance supposed to be tobacco； and to be referred to as such by many writers； and described as 〃intoxicating；〃 was really India hemp； or some plant very different from the tobacco of the New World。 At any rate there is evidence that in the Turkish Empire as late as 1616 tobacco was still somewhat a novelty； and the smoking of it was regarded as vile； and a habit only of the low。 The late Hekekian Bey； foreign minister of old Mahomet Ali； possessed an ancient Turkish MS which related an occurrence at Smyrna about the year 1610； namely； the punishment of some sailors for the use of tobacco； which showed that it was a novelty and accounted a low vice at that time。 The testimony of the trustworthy George Sandys； an English traveler into Turkey； Egypt； and Syria in 1610 （afterwards； 1621； treasurer of the colony in Virginia）； is to the same effect as given in his 〃Relation；〃 published in London in 1621。 In his minute description of the people and manners of Constantinople； after speaking of opium； which makes the Turks 〃giddy…headed〃 and 〃turbulent dreamers；〃 he says： 〃But perhaps for the self…same cause they delight in Tobacco： which they take through reedes that have joyned with them great heads of wood to containe it； I doubt not but lately taught them as brought them by the English； and were it not sometimes lookt into （for Morat Bassa ＇Murad III。？＇ not long since commanded a pipe to be thrust through the nose of a Turke； and to be led in derision through the Citie）； no question but it would prove a principal commodity。 Nevertheless they will take it in corners； and are so ignorant therein； that that which in England is not saleable； doth passe here among them for most excellent。〃
Mr。 Stith （〃History of Virginia；〃 1746） gives Raleigh credit for the introduction of the pipe into good society； but he cautiously says； 〃We are not informed whether the queen made use of it herself： but it is certain she gave great countenance to it as a vegetable of singular strength and power； which might therefore prove of benefit to mankind； and advantage to the nation。〃 Mr。 Thomas Hariot； in his observations on the colony at Roanoke； says that the natives esteemed their tobacco； of which plenty was found； their 〃chief physicke。〃
It should be noted； as against the claim of Lane； that Stowe in his 〃Annales〃 （1615） says： 〃Tobacco was first brought and made known in England by Sir John Hawkins； about the year 1565； but not used by Englishmen in many years after； though at this time commonly used by most men and many women。〃 In a side…note to the edition of 1631 we read： 〃Sir Walter Raleigh was the first that brought tobacco in use； when all men wondered what it meant。〃 It was first commended for its medicinal virtues。 Harrison's 〃Chronologie；〃 under date of 1573； says： 〃In these daies the taking in of the smoke of the Indian herbe called 'Tabaco' by an instrument formed like a little ladell； whereby it passeth from the mouth into the hed and stomach； is gretlie taken… up and used in England； against Rewmes and some other diseases ingendred in the longes and inward partes； and not without effect。〃 But Barnaby Rich； in 〃The Honestie of this Age；〃 1614； disagrees with Harrison about its benefit： 〃They say it is good for a cold； for a pose； for rewmes； for aches； for dropsies； and for all manner of diseases proceeding of moyst humours； but I cannot see but that those that do take it fastest are as much （or more） subject to all these infirmities （yea； and to the poxe itself） as those that have nothing at all to do with it。〃 He learns that 7；000 shops in London live by the trade of tobacco…selling； and calculates that there is paid for it L 399；375 a year； 〃all spent in smoake。〃 Every base groom must have his pipe with his pot of ale； it 〃is vendible in every taverne； inne； and ale…house； and as for apothecaries shops； grosers shops； chandlers shops； they are （almost） never without company that； from morning till night； are still taking of tobacco。〃 Numbers of houses and shops had no other trade to live by。 The wrath of King James was probably never cooled against tobacco； but the expression of it was somewhat tempered when he perceived what a source of revenue it became。
The savages of North America gave early evidence of the possession of imaginative minds； of rare power of invention； and of an amiable desire to make satisfactory replies to the inquiries of their visitors。 They generally told their questioners what they wanted to know； if they could ascertain what sort of information would please them。 If they had known the taste of the sixteenth century for the marvelous they could not have responded more fitly to suit it。 They filled Mr。 Lane and Mr。 Hariot full of tales of a wonderful copper mine on the River Maratock （Roanoke）； where the metal was dipped out of the stream in great bowls。 The colonists had great hopes of this river； which Mr： Hariot thought flowed out of the Gulf of Mexico； or very near the South Sea。 The Indians also conveyed to the mind of this sagacious observer the notion that they had a very respectably developed religion； that they believed in one chief god who existed from all eternity； and who made many gods of less degree； that for mankind a woman was first created； who by one of the gods brought forth children； that they believed in the immortality of the soul； and that for good works a soul will be conveyed to bliss in the tabernacles of the gods； and for bad deeds to pokogusso； a great pit in the furthest part of the world； where the sun sets； and where they burn continually。 The Indians knew this because two men lately dead had revived and come back to tell them of the other world。 These stories； and many others of like kind； the Indians told of themselves； and they further pleased Mr。 Hariot by kissing his Bible and rubbing it all over their bodies； notwithstanding he told them there was no virtue in the material book itself； only in its doctrines。 We must do Mr。 Hariot the justice to say； however； that he had some little suspicion of the 〃subtiltie〃 of the weroances （chiefs） and the priests。
Raleigh was not easily discouraged； he was determined to plant his colony； and to send relief to the handful of men that Grenville had left on Roanoke Island。 In May； 1587； he sent out three ships and a hundred and fifty householders； under command of Mr。 John White； who was appointed Governor of the colony； with twelve assistants as a Council； who were incorporated under the name of 〃The Governor and Assistants of the City of Ralegh in Virginia；〃 with instructions to change their settlement to Chesapeake Bay。 The expedition found there no one of the colony （whether it was fifty or fifteen the writers disagree）； nothing but the bones of one man where the plantation had been； the houses were unhurt； but overgrown with weeds； and the fort was defaced。 Captain Stafford； with twenty men； went to Croatan to seek the lost colonists。 He heard that the fifty had been set upon by three hundred Indians； and； after a sharp skirmish and the loss of one man； had taken boats and gone to a small island near Hatorask； and afterwards had departed no one knew whither。
Mr。 White sent a band to take revenge upon the Indians who were suspected of their murder through treachery； which was guided by Mateo； the friendly Indian； who had returned with the expedition from England。 By a mistake they attacked a friendly tribe。 In August of this year Mateo was Christianized； and baptized under the title of Lord of Roanoke and Dassomonpeake； as a reward for his fidelity。 The same month Elinor； the daughter of the Govemor； the wife of Ananias Dare； gave birth to a daughter； the first white child born in this part of the continent； who was named Virginia。
Before long a dispute arose between the Governor and his Council as to the proper person to return to England for supplies。 White himself was finally prevailed upon to go； and he departed； leaving about a hundred settlers on one of the islands of Hatorask to form a plantation。
The Spanish invasion and the Armada distracted the attention of Europe about this time； and the hope of plunder from Spanish vessels was more attractive than the colonization of America。 It was not until 1590 that Raleigh was able to despatch vessels to the relief of the Hatorask colony； and then it was too late。 White did； indeed； start out from Biddeford in April； 1588； with two vessels； but the temptation to chase prizes was too strong for him； and he went on a cruise of his own； and left the colony to its destruction。
In March； 1589…90； Mr。 White was again sent out； with three ships； from Plymouth； and reached the coast in August。 Sailing by Croatan they went to Hatorask； where they descried a smoke in the place they had left the colony in 1587。 Going ashore next day； they found no man； nor sign that any had been there lately。 Preparing to go to Roanoke next day； a boat was upset and Captain Spicer and six of the crew were drowned。 This accident so discouraged the sailors that they could hardly be persuaded to enter on the search for the colony。 At last two boats； with nineteen men； set out for Hatorask； and landed at that part of Roanoke
