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sovereign；　for　the　security　of　their　property。　He　is　so　far

removed　from　them；　and　is　so　much　exempt　from　private　jealousies

or　interests；　that　this　dependence　is　scarcely　felt。　And　thus　a

species　of　government　arises；　to　which；　in　a　high　political　rant；

we　may　give　the　name　of　；　but　which；　by　a　just　and

prudent　administration；　may　afford　tolerable　security　to　the

people；　and　may　answer　most　of　the　ends　of　political　society。

　　　　　But　though　in　a　civilized　monarchy；　as　well　as　in　a

republic；　the　people　have　security　for　the　enjoyment　of　their

property；　yet　in　both　these　forms　of　government；　those　who

possess　the　supreme　authority　have　the　disposal　of　many　honours

and　advantages；　which　excite　the　ambition　and　avarice　of　mankind。

The　only　difference　is；　that；　in　a　republic；　the　candidates　for

office　must　look　downwards；　to　gain　the　suffrages　of　the　people；

in　a　monarchy；　they　must　turn　their　attention　upwards；　to　court

the　good　graces　and　favour　of　the　great。　To　be　successful　in　the

former　way；　it　is　necessary　for　a　man　to　make　himself　；

by　his　industry；　capacity；　or　knowledge：　To　be　prosperous　in　the

latter　way；　it　is　requisite　for　him　to　render　himself

；　by　his　wit；　complaisance；　or　civility。　A　strong

genius　succeeds　best　in　republics：　A　refined　taste　in　monarchies。

And　consequently　the　sciences　are　the　more　natural　growth　of　the

one；　and　the　polite　arts　of　the　other。

　　　　　Not　to　mention；　that　monarchies；　receiving　their　chief

stability　from　a　superstitious　reverence　to　priests　and　princes；

have　commonly　abridged　the　liberty　of　reasoning；　with　regard　to

religion；　and　politics；　and　consequently　metaphysics　and　morals。

All　these　form　the　most　considerable　branches　of　science。

Mathematics　and　natural　philosophy；　which　only　remain；　are　not

half　so　valuable。

　　　　　Among　the　arts　of　conversation；　no　one　pleases　more　than

mutual　deference　or　civility；　which　leads　us　to　resign　our　own

inclinations　to　those　of　our　companion；　and　to　curb　and　conceal

that　presumption　and　arrogance；　so　natural　to　the　human　mind。　A

good…natured　man；　who　is　well　educated；　practises　this　civility

to　every　mortal；　without　premeditation　or　interest。　But　in　order

to　render　that　valuable　quality　general　among　any　people；　it

seems　necessary　to　assist　the　natural　disposition　by　some　general

motive。　Where　power　rises　upwards　from　the　people　to　the　great；

as　in　all　republics；　such　refinements　of　civility　are　apt　to　be

little　practised；　since　the　whole　state　is；　by　that　means；

brought　near　to　a　level；　and　every　member　of　it　is　rendered；　in　a

great　measure；　independent　of　another。　The　people　have　the

advantage；　by　the　authority　of　their　suffrages：　The　great；　by　the

superiority　of　their　station。　But　in　a　civilized　monarchy；　there

is　a　long　train　of　dependence　from　the　prince　to　the　peasant；

which　is　not　great　enough　to　render　property　precarious；　or

depress　the　minds　of　the　people；　but　is　sufficient　to　beget　in

every　one　an　inclination　to　please　his　superiors；　and　to　form

himself　upon　those　models；　which　are　most　acceptable　to　people　of

condition　and　education。　Politeness　of　manners；　therefore；　arises

most　naturally　in　monarchies　and　courts；　and　where　that

flourishes；　none　of　the　liberal　arts　will　be　altogether　neglected

or　despised。

　　　　　The　republics　in　Europe　are　at　present　noted　for　want　of

politeness。　；＇5＇　is　an　expression　for　rusticity　among　the　French。　The

English；　in　some　degree；　fall　under　the　same　censure；

notwithstanding　their　learning　and　genius。　And　if　the　Venetians

be　an　exception　to　the　rule；　they　owe　it；　perhaps；　to　their

communication　with　the　other　Italians；　most　of　whose　governments

beget　a　dependence　more　than　sufficient　for　civilizing　their

manners。

　　　　　It　is　difficult　to　pronounce　any　judgment　concerning　the

refinements　of　the　ancient　republics　in　this　particular：　But　I　am

apt　to　suspect；　that　the　arts　of　conversation　were　not　brought　so

near　to　perfection　among　them　as　the　arts　of　writing　and

composition。　The　scurrility　of　the　ancient　orators；　in　many

instances；　is　quite　shocking；　and　exceeds　all　belief。　Vanity　too

is　often　not　a　little　offensive　in　authors　of　those　ages；＇6＇　as

well　as　the　common　licentiousness　and　immodesty　of　their　stile；

；　pene；　；　says　Sallust　in　one　of　the　gravest　and　most

moral　passages　of　his　history。　；　is　an　expression　of　Horace；　in　tracing

the　origin　of　moral　good　and　evil。　Ovid　and　Lucretius＇7＇　are

almost　as　licentious　in　their　stile　as　Lord　Rochester；　though　the

former　were　fine　gentlemen　and　delicate　writers；　and　the　latter；

from　the　corruptions　of　that　court；　in　which　he　lived；　seems　to

have　thrown　off　all　regard　to　shame　and　decency。　Juvenal

inculcates　modesty　with　great　zeal；　but　sets　a　very　bad　example

of　it　if　we　consider　the　impudence　of　his　expressions。

　　　　　I　shall　also　be　bold　to　affirm；　that　among　the　ancients；

there　was　not　much　delicacy　of　breeding；　or　that　polite　deference

and　respect；　which　civility　obliges　us　either　to　express　or

counterfeit　towards　the　persons　with　whom　we　converse。　Cicero　was

certainly　one　of　the　finest　gentlemen　of　his　age；　yet　I　must

confess　I　have　frequently　been　shocked　with　the　poor　figure　under

which　he　represents　his　friend　Atticus；　in　those　dialogues；　where

he　himself　is　introduced　as　a　speaker。　That　learned　and　virtuous

Roman；　whose　dignity；　though　he　was　only　a　private　gentleman；　was

inferior　to　that　of　no　one　in　Rome；　is　there　shewn　in　rather　a

more　pitiful　light　than　Philalethe's　friend　in　our　modern

dialogues。　He　is　a　humble　admirer　of　the　orator；　pays　him

frequent　compliments；　and　receives　his　instructions；　with　all　the

deference　which　a　scholar　owes　to　his　master。＇8＇　Even　Cato　is

treated　in　somewhat　of　a　cavalier　manner　in　the　dialogues　。

　　　　　One　of　the　most　particular　details　of　a　real　dialogue；　which

we　meet　with　in　antiquity；　is　related　by　Polybius；＇9＇　when

Philip；　king　of　Macedon；　a　prince　of　wit　and　parts；　met　with

Titus　Flaminius；　one　of　the　politest　of　the　Romans；　as　we　learn

from　Plutarch；＇10＇　accompanied　with　ambassadors　from　almost　all

the　Greek　cities。　The　Aetolian　ambassador　very　abruptly　tells　the

king；　that　he　talked　like　a　fool　or　a　madman　（lhrein）。　'That's

evident；'　says　his　majesty；　'even　to　a　blind　man'；　which　was　a

raillery　on　the　blindness　of　his　excellency。　Yet　all　this　did　not

pass　the　usual　bounds：　For　the　conference　was　not　disturbed；　and

Flaminius　was　very　well　diverted　with　these　strokes　of　humour。　At

the　end；　when　Philip　craved　a　little　time　to　consult　with　his

friends；　of　whom　he　had　none　present；　the　Roman　general；　being

desirous　also　to　shew　his　wit；　as　the　historian　says；　tells　him；

'that　perhaps　the　reason；　why　he　had　none　of　his　friends　with

him；　was　because　he　had　murdered　them　all'；　which　was　actually

the　case。　This　unprovoked　piece　of　rusticity　is　not　condemned　by

the　historian；　caused　no　farther　resentment　in　Philip；　than　to

excite　a　Sardonian　smile；　or　what　we　call　a　grin；　and　hindered

him　not　from　renewing　the　conference　next　day。　Plutarch＇11＇　too

mentions　this　raillery　amongst　the　witty　and　agreeable　sayings　of

Flaminius。

　　　　　Cardinal　Wolsey　apologized　for　his　famous　piece　of

insolence；　in　saying；　'Ego　et　Rex　meus'；　；　by

observing；　that　this　expression　was　conformable　to　the　Latin

idiom；　and　that　a　Roman　always　named　himself　before　the　person　to

whom；　or　of　whom　he　spake。　Yet　this　seems　to　have　been　an

instance　of　want　of　civility　among　that　people。　The　ancients　made

it　a　rule；　that　the　person　of　the　greatest　dignity　should　be

mentioned　first　in　the　discourse；　insomuch；　that　we　find　the

spring　of　a　quarrel　and　jealousy　between　the　Romans　and

Aetolians；　to　have　been　a　poet's　naming　the　Aetolians　before　the

Romans；　in　celebrating　a　victory　gained　by　their　united　arms　over

the　Macedonians。＇12＇　Thus　Livia　disgusted　Tiberius　by　placing　her

own　name　before　his　in　an　inscription。＇13＇

　　　　　No　advantages　in　this　world　are　pure　and　unmixed。　In　like

manner；　as　modern　politeness；　which　is　naturally　so　ornamental；

runs　often　into　affectation　and　foppery；　disguise　and

insincerity；　so　the　ancient　simplicity；　which　is　naturally　so

amiable　and　affecting；　often　degenerates　into　rusticity　and

abuse；　scurrility　and　obscenity。

　　　　　If　the　superiority　in　politeness　should　be　allowed　to　modern

times；　the　modern　notions　of　；　the　natural　produce　of

courts　and　monarchies；　will　probably　be　assigned　as　the　causes　of

this　refinement。　No　one　denies　this　invention　to　be　modern：＇14＇

But　some　of　the　more　zealous　partizans　of　the　ancients；　have

asserted　it　to　be　foppish　and　ridiculous；　and　a　reproach；　rather

than　a　credit；　to　the　present　age。＇15＇　It　may　here　be　proper　to

examine　this　question。

　　　　　Nature　has　implanted　in　all　living　creatures　an　affection

between　the　sexes；　which；　even　in　the　fiercest　and　most　rapacious

animals；　is　not　merely　c