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Shilha; and Tamazight。 (3) See Mandarin; Cantonese; Wu; Min; and Hakka。 The  
“common speech” (Putonghua) or the “national language” (Guoyu) is a standardised  
form of Mandarin as spoken in the area of Beijing。 (4) Hindi and Urdu are essentially the  
same language; Hindustani。 As the official language of Pakistan it is written in a  
modified Arabic script and called Urdu。 As the official language of India it is written in  
the Devanagari script and called Hindi。 (5) The distinction between some Thai dialects  
and Lao is political rather than linguistic。 (6) Yiddish is usually considered a variant of  
German; though it has its own standard grammar; dictionaries; a highly developed  
literature; and is written in Hebrew characters。      
                          
Farber’s Language    
Reviews                   
We have such things as theatre reviews; movie reviews; books reviews; and restaurant  
reviews to help trusting readers decide which plays; movies; books; and restaurants are  
worth their time and money。    
So here’s a series of language reviews – thumbnail sketches of some of the major  
languages of the world with comments on their prevalence; their usefulness; the difficulty  
or ease with which each may be learned; and special characteristics the potential learner  
should know。         
French         
After English; French is the world’s most popular second language。 Several other  
languages are spoken by more people: Chinese; English; Hindustani (the spoken form of  
Hindi and Urdu); Russian; Spanish; Japanese; German; Indonesian; and even Portugese  
count more speakers than French。 But French can be heard in practically every corner of  
the world and is often spoken by the most influential segments of a given population。 The  
old French empire; though not as vast as the British; was nonetheless vast。 French is  
therefore spoken in what you may find a surprising number of countries。 So is Chinese;  
but the French spoken by the educated classes and government officials in Canada;  
Africa; Lebanon and throughout the Middle East; Asia; the Caribbean; and the South  
Pacific outweighs in cultural influence the Chinese spoken in the Chinatowns of  
America; Indonesia; the Philippines; Singapore; Burma; Vietnam; London; and  
everywhere else。    
French no longer deserves its reputation as “the language of diplomacy” (during  
how many summit meetings since World War II have the chiefs of state been able to  
communicate even one simple thought to each other in French?); but never mind。 French  
is still respected and revered as a language of cultured people the world over。    
Fully sixty percent of all those who come to practice parties at the Language Club  
in New York come seeking practice in French。 Efforts to convince Americans shopping    
 
around for a language to learn to shift their attentions from French to currently more  
advantageous languages like Japanese; Chinese; Russian; and Arabic are usually  
unavailing。 It’s French they want!    
French lies in the middle range of difficulty to learn。 The grammar is mercifully  
simple; but correct pronunciation with a decent French accent is hard to achieve。 And for  
some reason; bad French comes across as much worse than bad German; bad Italian; bad  
Spanish; or bad anything else。 The native French ear and French attitude are unforgiving。    
There are no noun cases; but verbs inflect and adjectives must agree with nouns。  
There’s a subjunctive mood you’re strongly urged to learn even though the younger  
French themselves increasingly ignore it。    
If you’re planning to study French along with other languages; make sure you learn  
French best of all。 You will be judged in the world by your French; and no matter how  
well you handle Dutch; Hungarian; Norwegian; or Indonesian; you will not be regarded  
as a person of language accomplishment if your French is poor。         
Spanish         
Spanish seems to be the “natural” second language for Americans; owing to our  
proximity to the Spanish…speaking centres of North; Central; and South America and the  
growing prevalence of Spanish in our country。 It’s easier for Americans to speak good  
Spanish than good French。 It’s a more phonetic language and you don’t have the problem  
of the last few letters of a word being silent – as you often do in French。 Also; correct  
Spanish pronunciation is less difficult than correct French pronunciation。    
Spanish grammar is similar to French (as is that of all other Romance languages);  
and the subjunctive tense waits to test your character。    
There are some happy surprises in store for Spanish learners。 Of course you expect  
Spanish to carry you through Latin America and Spain; but you may not expect to be able  
to communicate with the older generation in the Philippines and even with Sephardic  
Jews in Israel (as well as Greece; Turkey; Yugoslavia; and Bulgaria) whose vernacular is  
a language known as Ladino; a fifteenth and sixteenth century Spanish with a Hebrew  
admixture that is written in the Hebrew alphabet。 Spanish offers perhaps the grandest of  
good deal opportunities。 Whoever learns Spanish holds an option to acquire Portugese at  
half price。         
Portugese         
Don’t dismiss Portugese as some kind of slurring; overnasalised cousin of Spanish。    
The lightning population growth of Portugese speaking Brazil alone makes  
Portugese a major world language。 Ancient Portugese navigators carried the language to  
the mid…Atlantic; the African countries of Angola and Mozambique; the enclave of Goa  
in India; and even the Indonesian island of Timor。    
Portugese is the ninth most widely spoken language in the world; after Chinese;  
English; Hindi…Urdu; Russian; Spanish; Japanese; German; and Indonesian。 Thus;  
Portugese is an intelligent choice for the language “shopper” who wants to be different  
without abandoning the mainstream。    
 
Portugese nasal sounds are easier than the French and the grammar is only slightly  
more difficult than Spanish。 Because I learned Spanish first; Portugese will always sound  
to me like Spanish that’s been damaged on delivery。 (That’s just a smile; not an insult。  
Dutch sounds the same way to anyone who’s first studied German; Danish sounds that  
way to anyone who’s first studied Norwegian; and Serbo…Croatian definitely fits the  
description to anyone who’s first studied Russian。)         
German         
Germany didn’t leave us a world of colonies where people still speak German; but they  
may as well have。 In addition to being the principal language of Germany; Austria; and  
one of the three main languages of Switzerland; German is; surprisingly; the language  
most natives will try first on foreigners when they come visiting in Hungary; Yugoslavia;  
Czechoslovakia; Poland; Latvia; Lithuania; Estonia – in fact all the way from Germany’s  
eastern border with Poland as far east as Moscow and from the Baltic Sea in the north  
clear down to the Mediterranean。 English may edge German out by the time of the next  
scientific poll in Eastern Europe; but that leaves a tremendous number of German  
speakers across Europe and elsewhere。 Germany’s reunification; reestablishing Germany  
as the central European power; can only intensify the German language’s importance。    
German grammar is far from the most difficult; though you’ll be hard to convince  
when you find yourself trapped in one of German’s unending dependent clauses。 You can  
wait through lunch for the German noun after a loop…the…loop adjectival clause that might  
translate literally as “the never… having… definitively… researched… the… mating… habits… of…  
the… Asian… armadillo… Dr。 Schultz;” and you can wait even longer for the German verb。  
It’s something you get the hang of; though; and remember; German is family。 Its kinship  
with English will be a boon throughout。    
There are three genders in German and officially four noun cases; but they’re easy。  
In only one case does the noun itself change endings; the rest being taken care of by the  
preceding article; adjective; or other modifier。    
German offers dividends to those interested in science; philosophy; opera; and  
getting a good job in international commerce。         
Italian         
Everybody who’s ever wrestled with Latin deserves to pick up an Italian grammar book  
just to relax。 Italian is easy Latin; a delight to plunge into。 There are three different types  
of verbs; but noun cases have been eliminated。 Unlike French; Italian pronunciation is  
church bell clear; and you can read Italian off the page and be understood after mastering  
the regular rules governing the sounds of letters。 There are no orthographical booby traps  
such as the English tough; weigh; night; though; and the dozens of other deceptive  
spellings we Americans can be grateful we never had to learn as foreigners。    
Opera; art; wine; cuisine; history; and archaeology are some of the motivators for  
learning Italian。 Italians are nicer to foreigners trying to learn their language than any  
other people whose language is

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