how to learn any language-第29节
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Shilha; and Tamazight。 (3) See Mandarin; Cantonese; Wu; Min; and Hakka。 The
“common speech” (Putonghua) or the “national language” (Guoyu) is a standardised
form of Mandarin as spoken in the area of Beijing。 (4) Hindi and Urdu are essentially the
same language; Hindustani。 As the official language of Pakistan it is written in a
modified Arabic script and called Urdu。 As the official language of India it is written in
the Devanagari script and called Hindi。 (5) The distinction between some Thai dialects
and Lao is political rather than linguistic。 (6) Yiddish is usually considered a variant of
German; though it has its own standard grammar; dictionaries; a highly developed
literature; and is written in Hebrew characters。
Farber’s Language
Reviews
We have such things as theatre reviews; movie reviews; books reviews; and restaurant
reviews to help trusting readers decide which plays; movies; books; and restaurants are
worth their time and money。
So here’s a series of language reviews – thumbnail sketches of some of the major
languages of the world with comments on their prevalence; their usefulness; the difficulty
or ease with which each may be learned; and special characteristics the potential learner
should know。
French
After English; French is the world’s most popular second language。 Several other
languages are spoken by more people: Chinese; English; Hindustani (the spoken form of
Hindi and Urdu); Russian; Spanish; Japanese; German; Indonesian; and even Portugese
count more speakers than French。 But French can be heard in practically every corner of
the world and is often spoken by the most influential segments of a given population。 The
old French empire; though not as vast as the British; was nonetheless vast。 French is
therefore spoken in what you may find a surprising number of countries。 So is Chinese;
but the French spoken by the educated classes and government officials in Canada;
Africa; Lebanon and throughout the Middle East; Asia; the Caribbean; and the South
Pacific outweighs in cultural influence the Chinese spoken in the Chinatowns of
America; Indonesia; the Philippines; Singapore; Burma; Vietnam; London; and
everywhere else。
French no longer deserves its reputation as “the language of diplomacy” (during
how many summit meetings since World War II have the chiefs of state been able to
communicate even one simple thought to each other in French?); but never mind。 French
is still respected and revered as a language of cultured people the world over。
Fully sixty percent of all those who come to practice parties at the Language Club
in New York come seeking practice in French。 Efforts to convince Americans shopping
around for a language to learn to shift their attentions from French to currently more
advantageous languages like Japanese; Chinese; Russian; and Arabic are usually
unavailing。 It’s French they want!
French lies in the middle range of difficulty to learn。 The grammar is mercifully
simple; but correct pronunciation with a decent French accent is hard to achieve。 And for
some reason; bad French comes across as much worse than bad German; bad Italian; bad
Spanish; or bad anything else。 The native French ear and French attitude are unforgiving。
There are no noun cases; but verbs inflect and adjectives must agree with nouns。
There’s a subjunctive mood you’re strongly urged to learn even though the younger
French themselves increasingly ignore it。
If you’re planning to study French along with other languages; make sure you learn
French best of all。 You will be judged in the world by your French; and no matter how
well you handle Dutch; Hungarian; Norwegian; or Indonesian; you will not be regarded
as a person of language accomplishment if your French is poor。
Spanish
Spanish seems to be the “natural” second language for Americans; owing to our
proximity to the Spanish…speaking centres of North; Central; and South America and the
growing prevalence of Spanish in our country。 It’s easier for Americans to speak good
Spanish than good French。 It’s a more phonetic language and you don’t have the problem
of the last few letters of a word being silent – as you often do in French。 Also; correct
Spanish pronunciation is less difficult than correct French pronunciation。
Spanish grammar is similar to French (as is that of all other Romance languages);
and the subjunctive tense waits to test your character。
There are some happy surprises in store for Spanish learners。 Of course you expect
Spanish to carry you through Latin America and Spain; but you may not expect to be able
to communicate with the older generation in the Philippines and even with Sephardic
Jews in Israel (as well as Greece; Turkey; Yugoslavia; and Bulgaria) whose vernacular is
a language known as Ladino; a fifteenth and sixteenth century Spanish with a Hebrew
admixture that is written in the Hebrew alphabet。 Spanish offers perhaps the grandest of
good deal opportunities。 Whoever learns Spanish holds an option to acquire Portugese at
half price。
Portugese
Don’t dismiss Portugese as some kind of slurring; overnasalised cousin of Spanish。
The lightning population growth of Portugese speaking Brazil alone makes
Portugese a major world language。 Ancient Portugese navigators carried the language to
the mid…Atlantic; the African countries of Angola and Mozambique; the enclave of Goa
in India; and even the Indonesian island of Timor。
Portugese is the ninth most widely spoken language in the world; after Chinese;
English; Hindi…Urdu; Russian; Spanish; Japanese; German; and Indonesian。 Thus;
Portugese is an intelligent choice for the language “shopper” who wants to be different
without abandoning the mainstream。
Portugese nasal sounds are easier than the French and the grammar is only slightly
more difficult than Spanish。 Because I learned Spanish first; Portugese will always sound
to me like Spanish that’s been damaged on delivery。 (That’s just a smile; not an insult。
Dutch sounds the same way to anyone who’s first studied German; Danish sounds that
way to anyone who’s first studied Norwegian; and Serbo…Croatian definitely fits the
description to anyone who’s first studied Russian。)
German
Germany didn’t leave us a world of colonies where people still speak German; but they
may as well have。 In addition to being the principal language of Germany; Austria; and
one of the three main languages of Switzerland; German is; surprisingly; the language
most natives will try first on foreigners when they come visiting in Hungary; Yugoslavia;
Czechoslovakia; Poland; Latvia; Lithuania; Estonia – in fact all the way from Germany’s
eastern border with Poland as far east as Moscow and from the Baltic Sea in the north
clear down to the Mediterranean。 English may edge German out by the time of the next
scientific poll in Eastern Europe; but that leaves a tremendous number of German
speakers across Europe and elsewhere。 Germany’s reunification; reestablishing Germany
as the central European power; can only intensify the German language’s importance。
German grammar is far from the most difficult; though you’ll be hard to convince
when you find yourself trapped in one of German’s unending dependent clauses。 You can
wait through lunch for the German noun after a loop…the…loop adjectival clause that might
translate literally as “the never… having… definitively… researched… the… mating… habits… of…
the… Asian… armadillo… Dr。 Schultz;” and you can wait even longer for the German verb。
It’s something you get the hang of; though; and remember; German is family。 Its kinship
with English will be a boon throughout。
There are three genders in German and officially four noun cases; but they’re easy。
In only one case does the noun itself change endings; the rest being taken care of by the
preceding article; adjective; or other modifier。
German offers dividends to those interested in science; philosophy; opera; and
getting a good job in international commerce。
Italian
Everybody who’s ever wrestled with Latin deserves to pick up an Italian grammar book
just to relax。 Italian is easy Latin; a delight to plunge into。 There are three different types
of verbs; but noun cases have been eliminated。 Unlike French; Italian pronunciation is
church bell clear; and you can read Italian off the page and be understood after mastering
the regular rules governing the sounds of letters。 There are no orthographical booby traps
such as the English tough; weigh; night; though; and the dozens of other deceptive
spellings we Americans can be grateful we never had to learn as foreigners。
Opera; art; wine; cuisine; history; and archaeology are some of the motivators for
learning Italian。 Italians are nicer to foreigners trying to learn their language than any
other people whose language is