Ì«×ÓүС˵Íø > Ó¢Óïµç×ÓÊé > the story of mankind >

µÚ81½Ú

the story of mankind-µÚ81½Ú

С˵£º the story of mankind ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡




of¡¡tolerance¡¡took¡¡hold¡¡of¡¡my¡¡intolerant¡¡self¡£¡¡Later¡¡I¡¡discovered

Anatole¡¡France¡¡and¡¡my¡¡first¡¡experience¡¡with¡¡the¡¡English

language¡¡came¡¡about¡¡through¡¡an¡¡accidental¡¡encounter¡¡with

Thackeray's¡¡¡®¡®Henry¡¡Esmond£»''¡¡a¡¡story¡¡which¡¡made¡¡more¡¡impression

upon¡¡me¡¡than¡¡any¡¡other¡¡book¡¡in¡¡the¡¡English¡¡language¡£



If¡¡I¡¡had¡¡been¡¡born¡¡in¡¡a¡¡pleasant¡¡middle¡¡western¡¡city¡¡I¡¡probably

should¡¡have¡¡a¡¡certain¡¡affection¡¡for¡¡the¡¡hymns¡¡which¡¡I¡¡had

heard¡¡in¡¡my¡¡childhood¡£¡¡But¡¡my¡¡earliest¡¡recollection¡¡of¡¡music

goes¡¡back¡¡to¡¡the¡¡afternoon¡¡when¡¡my¡¡Mother¡¡took¡¡me¡¡to¡¡hear

nothing¡¡less¡¡than¡¡a¡¡Bach¡¡fugue¡£¡¡And¡¡the¡¡mathematical¡¡perfection

of¡¡the¡¡great¡¡Protestant¡¡master¡¡influenced¡¡me¡¡to¡¡such

an¡¡extent¡¡that¡¡I¡¡cannot¡¡hear¡¡the¡¡usual¡¡hymns¡¡of¡¡our¡¡prayer¡­

meetings¡¡without¡¡a¡¡feeling¡¡of¡¡intense¡¡agony¡¡and¡¡direct¡¡pain¡£



Again£»¡¡if¡¡I¡¡had¡¡been¡¡born¡¡in¡¡Italy¡¡and¡¡had¡¡been¡¡warmed

by¡¡the¡¡sunshine¡¡of¡¡the¡¡happy¡¡valley¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Arno£»¡¡I¡¡might¡¡love

many¡¡colourful¡¡and¡¡sunny¡¡pictures¡¡which¡¡now¡¡leave¡¡me¡¡indifferent

because¡¡I¡¡got¡¡my¡¡first¡¡artistic¡¡impressions¡¡in¡¡a¡¡country

where¡¡the¡¡rare¡¡sun¡¡beats¡¡down¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡rain¡­soaked¡¡land¡¡with

almost¡¡cruel¡¡brutality¡¡and¡¡throws¡¡everything¡¡into¡¡violent¡¡contrasts

of¡¡dark¡¡and¡¡light¡£



I¡¡state¡¡these¡¡few¡¡facts¡¡deliberately¡¡that¡¡you¡¡may¡¡know

the¡¡personal¡¡bias¡¡of¡¡the¡¡man¡¡who¡¡wrote¡¡this¡¡history¡¡and¡¡may

understand¡¡his¡¡point¡­of¡­view¡£¡¡The¡¡bibliography¡¡at¡¡the¡¡end¡¡of

this¡¡book£»¡¡which¡¡represents¡¡all¡¡sorts¡¡of¡¡opinions¡¡and¡¡views£»¡¡will

allow¡¡you¡¡to¡¡compare¡¡my¡¡ideas¡¡with¡¡those¡¡of¡¡other¡¡people¡£

And¡¡in¡¡this¡¡way£»¡¡you¡¡will¡¡be¡¡able¡¡to¡¡reach¡¡your¡¡own¡¡final

conclusions¡¡with¡¡a¡¡greater¡¡degree¡¡of¡¡fairness¡¡than¡¡would

otherwise¡¡be¡¡possible¡£



After¡¡this¡¡short¡¡but¡¡necessary¡¡excursion£»¡¡we¡¡return¡¡to¡¡the

history¡¡of¡¡the¡¡last¡¡fifty¡¡years¡£¡¡Many¡¡things¡¡happened¡¡during

this¡¡period¡¡but¡¡very¡¡little¡¡occurred¡¡which¡¡at¡¡the¡¡time¡¡seemed

to¡¡be¡¡of¡¡paramount¡¡importance¡£¡¡The¡¡majority¡¡of¡¡the¡¡greater

powers¡¡ceased¡¡to¡¡be¡¡mere¡¡political¡¡agencies¡¡and¡¡became¡¡large

business¡¡enterprises¡£¡¡They¡¡built¡¡railroads¡£¡¡They¡¡founded¡¡and

subsidized¡¡steam¡­ship¡¡lines¡¡to¡¡all¡¡parts¡¡of¡¡the¡¡world¡£¡¡They

connected¡¡their¡¡different¡¡possessions¡¡with¡¡telegraph¡¡wires¡£

And¡¡they¡¡steadily¡¡increased¡¡their¡¡holdings¡¡in¡¡other¡¡continents¡£

Every¡¡available¡¡bit¡¡of¡¡African¡¡or¡¡Asiatic¡¡territory¡¡was¡¡claimed

by¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡rival¡¡powers¡£¡¡France¡¡became¡¡a¡¡colonial¡¡nation

with¡¡interests¡¡in¡¡Algiers¡¡and¡¡Madagascar¡¡and¡¡Annam¡¡and

Tonkin¡¡£¨in¡¡eastern¡¡Asia£©¡£¡¡Germany¡¡claimed¡¡parts¡¡of¡¡southwest

and¡¡east¡¡Africa£»¡¡built¡¡settlements¡¡in¡¡Kameroon¡¡on¡¡the

west¡¡coast¡¡of¡¡Africa¡¡and¡¡in¡¡New¡¡Guinea¡¡and¡¡many¡¡of¡¡the

islands¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Pacific£»¡¡and¡¡used¡¡the¡¡murder¡¡of¡¡a¡¡few¡¡missionaries

as¡¡a¡¡welcome¡¡excuse¡¡to¡¡take¡¡the¡¡harbour¡¡of¡¡Kisochau¡¡on¡¡the

Yellow¡¡Sea¡¡in¡¡China¡£¡¡Italy¡¡tried¡¡her¡¡luck¡¡in¡¡Abyssinia£»¡¡was

disastrously¡¡defeated¡¡by¡¡the¡¡soldiers¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Negus£»¡¡and¡¡consoled

herself¡¡by¡¡occupying¡¡the¡¡Turkish¡¡possessions¡¡in¡¡Tripoli

in¡¡northern¡¡Africa¡£¡¡Russia£»¡¡having¡¡occupied¡¡all¡¡of¡¡Siberia£»

took¡¡Port¡¡Arthur¡¡away¡¡from¡¡China¡£¡¡Japan£»¡¡having¡¡defeated

China¡¡in¡¡the¡¡war¡¡of¡¡1895£»¡¡occupied¡¡the¡¡island¡¡of¡¡Formosa¡¡and

in¡¡the¡¡year¡¡1905¡¡began¡¡to¡¡lay¡¡claim¡¡to¡¡the¡¡entire¡¡empire¡¡of

Corea¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡year¡¡1883¡¡England£»¡¡the¡¡largest¡¡colonial¡¡empire

the¡¡world¡¡has¡¡ever¡¡seen£»¡¡undertook¡¡to¡¡¡®¡®protect''¡¡Egypt¡£¡¡She

performed¡¡this¡¡task¡¡most¡¡efficiently¡¡and¡¡to¡¡the¡¡great¡¡material

benefit¡¡of¡¡that¡¡much¡¡neglected¡¡country£»¡¡which¡¡ever¡¡since¡¡the

opening¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Suez¡¡canal¡¡in¡¡1868¡¡had¡¡been¡¡threatened¡¡with¡¡a

foreign¡¡invasion¡£¡¡During¡¡the¡¡next¡¡thirty¡¡years¡¡she¡¡fought¡¡a

number¡¡of¡¡colonial¡¡wars¡¡in¡¡different¡¡parts¡¡of¡¡the¡¡world¡¡and¡¡in

1902¡¡£¨after¡¡three¡¡years¡¡of¡¡bitter¡¡fighting£©¡¡she¡¡conquered¡¡the

independent¡¡Boer¡¡republics¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Transvaal¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Orange

Free¡¡State¡£¡¡Meanwhile¡¡she¡¡had¡¡encouraged¡¡Cecil¡¡Rhodes¡¡to

lay¡¡the¡¡foundations¡¡for¡¡a¡¡great¡¡African¡¡state£»¡¡which¡¡reached

from¡¡the¡¡Cape¡¡almost¡¡to¡¡the¡¡mouth¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Nile£»¡¡and¡¡had¡¡faithfully

picked¡¡up¡¡such¡¡islands¡¡or¡¡provinces¡¡as¡¡had¡¡been¡¡left¡¡without

a¡¡European¡¡owner¡£



The¡¡shrewd¡¡king¡¡of¡¡Belgium£»¡¡by¡¡name¡¡Leopold£»¡¡used

the¡¡discoveries¡¡of¡¡Henry¡¡Stanley¡¡to¡¡found¡¡the¡¡Congo¡¡Free

State¡¡in¡¡the¡¡year¡¡1885¡£¡¡Originally¡¡this¡¡gigantic¡¡tropical¡¡empire

was¡¡an¡¡¡®¡®absolute¡¡monarchy¡£''¡¡But¡¡after¡¡many¡¡years¡¡of

scandalous¡¡mismanagement£»¡¡it¡¡was¡¡annexed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Belgian

people¡¡who¡¡made¡¡it¡¡a¡¡colony¡¡£¨in¡¡the¡¡year¡¡1908£©¡¡and¡¡abolished

the¡¡terrible¡¡abuses¡¡which¡¡had¡¡been¡¡tolerated¡¡by¡¡this¡¡very

unscrupulous¡¡Majesty£»¡¡who¡¡cared¡¡nothing¡¡for¡¡the¡¡fate¡¡of¡¡the

natives¡¡as¡¡long¡¡as¡¡he¡¡got¡¡his¡¡ivory¡¡and¡¡rubber¡£



As¡¡for¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States£»¡¡they¡¡had¡¡so¡¡much¡¡land¡¡that¡¡they

desired¡¡no¡¡further¡¡territory¡£¡¡But¡¡the¡¡terrible¡¡misrule¡¡of

Cuba£»¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡last¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Spanish¡¡possessions¡¡in¡¡the¡¡western

hemisphere£»¡¡practically¡¡forced¡¡the¡¡Washington¡¡government¡¡to

take¡¡action¡£¡¡After¡¡a¡¡short¡¡and¡¡rather¡¡uneventful¡¡war£»¡¡the

Spaniards¡¡were¡¡driven¡¡out¡¡of¡¡Cuba¡¡and¡¡Puerto¡¡Rico¡¡and¡¡the

Philippines£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡two¡¡latter¡¡became¡¡colonies¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United

States¡£



This¡¡economic¡¡development¡¡of¡¡the¡¡world¡¡was¡¡perfectly

natural¡£¡¡The¡¡increasing¡¡number¡¡of¡¡factories¡¡in¡¡England¡¡and

France¡¡and¡¡Germany¡¡needed¡¡an¡¡ever¡¡increasing¡¡amount¡¡of¡¡raw

materials¡¡and¡¡the¡¡equally¡¡increasing¡¡number¡¡of¡¡European

workers¡¡needed¡¡an¡¡ever¡¡increasing¡¡amount¡¡of¡¡food¡£¡¡Everywhere

the¡¡cry¡¡was¡¡for¡¡more¡¡and¡¡for¡¡richer¡¡markets£»¡¡for¡¡more

easily¡¡accessible¡¡coal¡¡mines¡¡and¡¡iron¡¡mines¡¡and¡¡rubber¡¡plantations

and¡¡oil¡­wells£»¡¡for¡¡greater¡¡supplies¡¡of¡¡wheat¡¡and¡¡grain¡£



The¡¡purely¡¡political¡¡events¡¡of¡¡the¡¡European¡¡continent

dwindled¡¡to¡¡mere¡¡insignificance¡¡in¡¡the¡¡eyes¡¡of¡¡men¡¡who¡¡were

making¡¡plans¡¡for¡¡steamboat¡¡lines¡¡on¡¡Victoria¡¡Nyanza¡¡or

for¡¡railroads¡¡through¡¡the¡¡interior¡¡of¡¡Shantung¡£¡¡They¡¡knew

that¡¡many¡¡European¡¡questions¡¡still¡¡remained¡¡to¡¡be¡¡settled£»¡¡but

they¡¡did¡¡not¡¡bother£»¡¡and¡¡through¡¡sheer¡¡indifference¡¡and¡¡carelessness

they¡¡bestowed¡¡upon¡¡their¡¡descendants¡¡a¡¡terrible¡¡inheritance

of¡¡hate¡¡and¡¡misery¡£¡¡For¡¡untold¡¡centuries¡¡the¡¡south¡­eastern

corner¡¡of¡¡Europe¡¡had¡¡been¡¡the¡¡scene¡¡of¡¡rebellion¡¡and¡¡bloodshed¡£

During¡¡the¡¡seventies¡¡of¡¡the¡¡last¡¡century¡¡the¡¡people¡¡of

Serbia¡¡and¡¡Bulgaria¡¡and¡¡Montenegro¡¡and¡¡Roumania¡¡were¡¡once

more¡¡trying¡¡to¡¡gain¡¡their¡¡freedom¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Turks¡¡£¨with¡¡the

support¡¡of¡¡many¡¡of¡¡the¡¡western¡¡powers£©£»¡¡were¡¡trying¡¡to¡¡prevent

this¡£



After¡¡a¡¡period¡¡of¡¡particularly¡¡atrocious¡¡massacres¡¡in¡¡Bulgaria

in¡¡the¡¡year¡¡1876£»¡¡the¡¡Russian¡¡people¡¡lost¡¡all¡¡patience¡£

The¡¡Government¡¡was¡¡forced¡¡to¡¡intervene¡¡just¡¡as¡¡President¡¡McKinley

was¡¡obliged¡¡to¡¡go¡¡to¡¡Cuba¡¡and¡¡stop¡¡the¡¡shooting¡­squads

of¡¡General¡¡Weyler¡¡in¡¡Havana¡£¡¡In¡¡April¡¡of¡¡the¡¡year¡¡1877¡¡the

Russian¡¡armies¡¡crossed¡¡the¡¡Danube£»¡¡stormed¡¡the¡¡Shipka¡¡pass£»

and¡¡after¡¡the¡¡capture¡¡of¡¡Plevna£»¡¡marched¡¡southward¡¡until¡¡they

reached¡¡the¡¡gates¡¡of¡¡Constantinople¡£¡¡Turkey¡¡appealed¡¡for

help¡¡to¡¡England¡£¡¡There¡¡were¡¡many¡¡English¡¡people¡¡who¡¡denounced

their¡¡government¡¡when¡¡it¡¡took¡¡the¡¡side¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Sultan¡£

But¡¡Disraeli¡¡£¨who¡¡had¡¡just¡¡made¡¡Queen¡¡Victoria¡¡Empress¡¡of

India¡¡and¡¡who¡¡loved¡¡the¡¡picturesque¡¡Turks¡¡while¡¡he¡¡hated¡¡the

Russians¡¡who¡¡were¡¡brutally¡¡cruel¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Jewish¡¡people¡¡within

their¡¡frontiers£©¡¡decided¡¡to¡¡interfere¡£¡¡Russia¡¡was¡¡forced¡¡to

conclude¡¡the¡¡peace¡¡of¡¡San¡¡Stefano¡¡£¨1878£©¡¡and¡¡the¡¡question¡¡of

the¡¡Balkans¡¡was¡¡left¡¡to¡¡a¡¡Congress¡¡which¡¡convened¡¡at¡¡Berlin

in¡¡June¡¡and¡¡July¡¡of¡¡the¡¡same¡¡year¡£



This¡¡famous¡¡conference¡¡was¡¡entirely¡¡dominated¡¡by¡¡the¡¡personality

of¡¡Disraeli¡£¡¡Even¡¡Bismarck¡¡feared¡¡the¡¡clever¡¡old

man¡¡with¡¡his¡¡well¡­oiled¡¡curly¡¡hair¡¡and¡¡his¡¡supreme¡¡arrogance£»

tempered¡¡by¡¡a¡¡cynical¡¡sense¡¡of¡¡humor¡¡and¡¡a¡¡marvellous¡¡gift

for¡¡flattery¡£¡¡At¡¡Berlin¡¡the¡¡British¡¡prime¡­minister¡¡carefully

watched¡¡over¡¡the¡¡fate¡¡of¡¡his¡¡friends¡¡the¡¡Turks¡£¡¡Montenegro£»

Serbia¡¡and¡¡Roumania¡¡were¡¡recognised¡¡as¡¡independent¡¡kingdoms¡£

The¡¡principality¡¡of¡¡Bulgaria¡¡was¡¡given¡¡a¡¡semi¡­independent

status¡¡under¡¡Prince¡¡Alexander¡¡of¡¡Battenberg£»¡¡a

nephew¡¡of¡¡Tsar¡¡Alexander¡¡II¡£¡¡But¡¡none¡¡of¡¡those¡¡countries

were¡¡given¡¡the¡¡chance¡¡to¡¡develop¡¡their¡¡powers¡¡and¡¡their¡¡resources

as¡¡they¡¡would¡¡have¡¡been¡¡able¡¡to¡¡do£»¡¡had¡¡England¡¡been

less¡¡anxious¡¡about¡¡the¡¡fate¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Sultan£»¡¡whose¡¡domains¡¡were

necessary¡¡to¡¡the¡¡safety¡¡of¡¡the¡¡British¡¡Empire¡¡as¡¡a¡¡bulwark

against¡¡further¡¡Russian¡¡aggression¡£



To¡¡make¡¡matters¡¡worse£»¡¡the¡¡congress¡¡allowed¡¡Austria¡¡to

take¡¡Bosnia¡¡and¡¡Herzegovina¡¡away¡¡from¡¡the¡¡Turks¡¡to¡¡be

¡®¡®administered''¡¡as¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Habsburg¡¡domains¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡true

that¡¡Austria¡¡made¡¡an¡¡excellent¡¡job¡¡of¡¡it¡£¡¡The¡¡neglected¡¡provinces

were¡¡as¡¡well¡¡managed¡¡as¡¡the¡¡best¡¡of¡¡the¡¡British¡¡colonies£»

and¡¡that¡¡is¡¡saying¡¡a¡¡great¡¡deal¡£¡¡But¡¡they¡¡were¡¡inhabited¡¡by

many¡¡Serbians¡£¡¡In¡¡older¡¡days¡¡they¡¡had¡¡been¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡great

Serbian¡¡empire¡¡of¡¡Stephan¡¡Dushan£»¡¡who¡¡early¡¡in¡¡the¡¡fourteenth

century¡¡had¡¡defended¡¡western¡¡Europe¡¡against¡¡the¡¡invasions

of¡¡the¡¡Turks¡¡and¡¡whose¡¡capital¡¡of¡¡Uskub¡¡had¡¡been¡¡a

centre¡¡of¡¡civilisation¡¡one¡¡hundred¡¡and¡¡fifty¡¡years¡¡before¡¡Columbus

discovered¡¡the¡¡new¡¡lands¡¡of¡¡the¡¡west¡£¡¡The¡¡Serbians¡¡remem¡­

bered¡¡their¡¡ancient¡¡glory¡¡as¡¡who¡¡would¡¡not£¿¡¡They¡¡resented

the¡¡presence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Austrians¡¡in¡¡two¡¡provinces£»¡¡which£»¡¡so¡¡they

felt£»¡¡were¡¡theirs¡¡by¡¡every¡¡right¡¡of¡¡tradition¡£



And¡¡it¡¡was¡¡in¡¡Sarajevo£»¡¡the¡¡capital¡¡of¡¡Bosnia£»¡¡tha

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ