Ì«×ÓүС˵Íø > Ó¢Óïµç×ÓÊé > the story of mankind >

µÚ59½Ú

the story of mankind-µÚ59½Ú

С˵£º the story of mankind ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡




which¡¡was¡¡to¡¡be¡¡theirs¡¡all¡¡through¡¡the¡¡years¡¡of¡¡the¡¡great¡¡unrest£»

when¡¡they¡¡acted¡¡as¡¡the¡¡brute¡¡force¡¡which¡¡was¡¡used¡¡by¡¡the¡¡actual

leaders¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Revolution¡¡to¡¡secure¡¡those¡¡things¡¡which¡¡could

not¡¡be¡¡obtained¡¡in¡¡a¡¡legitimate¡¡fashion¡£



As¡¡a¡¡sop¡¡to¡¡the¡¡peasants¡¡and¡¡the¡¡middle¡¡class£»¡¡Necker¡¡de¡­

cided¡¡that¡¡they¡¡should¡¡be¡¡allowed¡¡a¡¡double¡¡representation¡¡in

the¡¡Estates¡¡General¡£¡¡Upon¡¡this¡¡subject£»¡¡the¡¡Abbe¡¡Sieyes¡¡then

wrote¡¡a¡¡famous¡¡pamphlet£»¡¡¡®¡®To¡¡what¡¡does¡¡the¡¡Third¡¡Estate

Amount£¿''¡¡in¡¡which¡¡he¡¡came¡¡to¡¡the¡¡conclusion¡¡that¡¡the¡¡Third

Estate¡¡£¨a¡¡name¡¡given¡¡to¡¡the¡¡middle¡¡class£©¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡amount¡¡to

everything£»¡¡that¡¡it¡¡had¡¡not¡¡amounted¡¡to¡¡anything¡¡in¡¡the¡¡past£»

and¡¡that¡¡it¡¡now¡¡desired¡¡to¡¡amount¡¡to¡¡something¡£¡¡He¡¡expressed

the¡¡sentiment¡¡of¡¡the¡¡great¡¡majority¡¡of¡¡the¡¡people¡¡who¡¡had¡¡the

best¡¡interests¡¡of¡¡the¡¡country¡¡at¡¡heart¡£



Finally¡¡the¡¡elections¡¡took¡¡place¡¡under¡¡the¡¡worst¡¡conditions

imaginable¡£¡¡When¡¡they¡¡were¡¡over£»¡¡308¡¡clergymen£»¡¡285¡¡noblemen

and¡¡621¡¡representatives¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Third¡¡Estate¡¡packed¡¡their

trunks¡¡to¡¡go¡¡to¡¡Versailles¡£¡¡The¡¡Third¡¡Estate¡¡was¡¡obliged¡¡to

carry¡¡additional¡¡luggage¡£¡¡This¡¡consisted¡¡of¡¡voluminous¡¡reports

called¡¡¡®¡®cahiers''¡¡in¡¡which¡¡the¡¡many¡¡complaints¡¡and¡¡grievances

of¡¡their¡¡constituents¡¡had¡¡been¡¡written¡¡down¡£¡¡The¡¡stage

was¡¡set¡¡for¡¡the¡¡great¡¡final¡¡act¡¡that¡¡was¡¡to¡¡save¡¡France¡£



The¡¡Estates¡¡General¡¡came¡¡together¡¡on¡¡May¡¡5th£»¡¡1789¡£

The¡¡king¡¡was¡¡in¡¡a¡¡bad¡¡humour¡£¡¡The¡¡Clergy¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Nobility

let¡¡it¡¡be¡¡known¡¡that¡¡they¡¡were¡¡unwilling¡¡to¡¡give¡¡up¡¡a¡¡single¡¡one

of¡¡their¡¡privileges¡£¡¡The¡¡king¡¡ordered¡¡the¡¡three¡¡groups¡¡of

representatives¡¡to¡¡meet¡¡in¡¡different¡¡rooms¡¡and¡¡discuss¡¡their

grievances¡¡separately¡£¡¡The¡¡Third¡¡Estate¡¡refused¡¡to¡¡obey¡¡the¡¡royal

command¡£¡¡They¡¡took¡¡a¡¡solemn¡¡oath¡¡to¡¡that¡¡effect¡¡in¡¡a¡¡squash

court¡¡£¨hastily¡¡put¡¡in¡¡order¡¡for¡¡the¡¡purpose¡¡of¡¡this¡¡illegal¡¡meeting£©

on¡¡the¡¡20th¡¡of¡¡June£»¡¡1789¡£¡¡They¡¡insisted¡¡that¡¡all¡¡three

Estates£»¡¡Nobility£»¡¡Clergy¡¡and¡¡Third¡¡Estate£»¡¡should¡¡meet¡¡together

and¡¡so¡¡informed¡¡His¡¡Majesty¡£¡¡The¡¡king¡¡gave¡¡in¡£



As¡¡the¡¡¡®¡®National¡¡Assembly£»''¡¡the¡¡Estates¡¡General¡¡began

to¡¡discuss¡¡the¡¡state¡¡of¡¡the¡¡French¡¡kingdom¡£¡¡The¡¡King¡¡got

angry¡£¡¡Then¡¡again¡¡he¡¡hesitated¡£¡¡He¡¡said¡¡that¡¡he¡¡would¡¡never

surrender¡¡his¡¡absolute¡¡power¡£¡¡Then¡¡he¡¡went¡¡hunting£»¡¡forgot

all¡¡about¡¡the¡¡cares¡¡of¡¡the¡¡state¡¡and¡¡when¡¡he¡¡returned¡¡from¡¡the

chase¡¡he¡¡gave¡¡in¡£¡¡For¡¡it¡¡was¡¡the¡¡royal¡¡habit¡¡to¡¡do¡¡the¡¡right

thing¡¡at¡¡the¡¡wrong¡¡time¡¡in¡¡the¡¡wrong¡¡way¡£¡¡When¡¡the¡¡people

clamoured¡¡for¡¡A£»¡¡the¡¡king¡¡scolded¡¡them¡¡and¡¡gave¡¡them¡¡nothing¡£

Then£»¡¡when¡¡the¡¡Palace¡¡was¡¡surrounded¡¡by¡¡a¡¡howling¡¡multitude

of¡¡poor¡¡people£»¡¡the¡¡king¡¡surrendered¡¡and¡¡gave¡¡his¡¡subjects

what¡¡they¡¡had¡¡asked¡¡for¡£¡¡By¡¡this¡¡time£»¡¡however£»¡¡the¡¡people

wanted¡¡A¡¡plus¡¡B¡£¡¡The¡¡comedy¡¡was¡¡repeated¡£¡¡When¡¡the¡¡king

signed¡¡his¡¡name¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Royal¡¡Decree¡¡which¡¡granted¡¡his¡¡beloved

subjects¡¡A¡¡and¡¡B¡¡they¡¡were¡¡threatening¡¡to¡¡kill¡¡the¡¡entire¡¡royal

family¡¡unless¡¡they¡¡received¡¡A¡¡plus¡¡B¡¡plus¡¡C¡£¡¡And¡¡so¡¡on£»

through¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡alphabet¡¡and¡¡up¡¡to¡¡the¡¡scaffold¡£



Unfortunately¡¡the¡¡king¡¡was¡¡always¡¡just¡¡one¡¡letter¡¡behind¡£

He¡¡never¡¡understood¡¡this¡£¡¡Even¡¡when¡¡he¡¡laid¡¡his¡¡head¡¡under

the¡¡guillotine£»¡¡he¡¡felt¡¡that¡¡he¡¡was¡¡a¡¡much¡­abused¡¡man¡¡who¡¡had

received¡¡a¡¡most¡¡unwarrantable¡¡treatment¡¡at¡¡the¡¡hands¡¡of¡¡people

whom¡¡he¡¡had¡¡loved¡¡to¡¡the¡¡best¡¡of¡¡his¡¡limited¡¡ability¡£



Historical¡¡¡®¡®ifs£»''¡¡as¡¡I¡¡have¡¡often¡¡warned¡¡you£»¡¡are¡¡never¡¡of

any¡¡value¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡very¡¡easy¡¡for¡¡us¡¡to¡¡say¡¡that¡¡the¡¡monarchy

might¡¡have¡¡been¡¡saved¡¡¡®¡®if''¡¡Louis¡¡had¡¡been¡¡a¡¡man¡¡of¡¡greater

energy¡¡and¡¡less¡¡kindness¡¡of¡¡heart¡£¡¡But¡¡the¡¡king¡¡was¡¡not¡¡alone¡£

Even¡¡¡®¡®if''¡¡he¡¡had¡¡possessed¡¡the¡¡ruthless¡¡strength¡¡of¡¡Napoleon£»

his¡¡career¡¡during¡¡these¡¡difficult¡¡days¡¡might¡¡have¡¡been¡¡easily

ruined¡¡by¡¡his¡¡wife¡¡who¡¡was¡¡the¡¡daughter¡¡of¡¡Maria¡¡Theresa¡¡of

Austria¡¡and¡¡who¡¡possessed¡¡all¡¡the¡¡characteristic¡¡virtues¡¡and

vices¡¡of¡¡a¡¡young¡¡girl¡¡who¡¡had¡¡been¡¡brought¡¡up¡¡at¡¡the¡¡most

autocratic¡¡and¡¡mediaeval¡¡court¡¡of¡¡that¡¡age¡£



She¡¡decided¡¡that¡¡some¡¡action¡¡must¡¡be¡¡taken¡¡and¡¡planned¡¡a

counter¡­revolution¡£¡¡Necker¡¡was¡¡suddenly¡¡dismissed¡¡and¡¡loyal

troops¡¡were¡¡called¡¡to¡¡Paris¡£¡¡The¡¡people£»¡¡when¡¡they¡¡heard¡¡of

this£»¡¡stormed¡¡the¡¡fortress¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Bastille¡¡prison£»¡¡and¡¡on¡¡the

fourteenth¡¡of¡¡July¡¡of¡¡the¡¡year¡¡1789£»¡¡they¡¡destroyed¡¡this

familiar¡¡but¡¡much¡­hated¡¡symbol¡¡of¡¡Autocratic¡¡Power

which¡¡had¡¡long¡¡since¡¡ceased¡¡to¡¡be¡¡a¡¡political¡¡prison¡¡and

was¡¡now¡¡used¡¡as¡¡the¡¡city¡¡lock¡­up¡¡for¡¡pickpockets¡¡and¡¡second¡­

story¡¡men¡£¡¡Many¡¡of¡¡the¡¡nobles¡¡took¡¡the¡¡hint¡¡and¡¡left¡¡the

country¡£¡¡But¡¡the¡¡king¡¡as¡¡usual¡¡did¡¡nothing¡£¡¡He¡¡had¡¡been

hunting¡¡on¡¡the¡¡day¡¡of¡¡the¡¡fall¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Bastille¡¡and¡¡he¡¡had¡¡shot

several¡¡deer¡¡and¡¡felt¡¡very¡¡much¡¡pleased¡£



The¡¡National¡¡Assembly¡¡now¡¡set¡¡to¡¡work¡¡and¡¡on¡¡the¡¡4th¡¡of

August£»¡¡with¡¡the¡¡noise¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Parisian¡¡multitude¡¡in¡¡their¡¡ears£»

they¡¡abolished¡¡all¡¡privileges¡£¡¡This¡¡was¡¡followed¡¡on¡¡the¡¡27th

of¡¡August¡¡by¡¡the¡¡¡®¡®Declaration¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Rights¡¡of¡¡Man£»''¡¡the

famous¡¡preamble¡¡to¡¡the¡¡first¡¡French¡¡constitution¡£¡¡So¡¡far¡¡so

good£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡court¡¡had¡¡apparently¡¡not¡¡yet¡¡learned¡¡its¡¡lesson¡£

There¡¡was¡¡a¡¡wide¡­spread¡¡suspicion¡¡that¡¡the¡¡king¡¡was¡¡again

trying¡¡to¡¡interfere¡¡with¡¡these¡¡reforms¡¡and¡¡as¡¡a¡¡result£»¡¡on¡¡the

5th¡¡of¡¡October£»¡¡there¡¡was¡¡a¡¡second¡¡riot¡¡in¡¡Paris¡£¡¡It¡¡spread¡¡to

Versailles¡¡and¡¡the¡¡people¡¡were¡¡not¡¡pacified¡¡until¡¡they¡¡had

brought¡¡the¡¡king¡¡back¡¡to¡¡his¡¡palace¡¡in¡¡Paris¡£¡¡They¡¡did¡¡not

trust¡¡him¡¡in¡¡Versailles¡£¡¡They¡¡liked¡¡to¡¡have¡¡him¡¡where¡¡they

could¡¡watch¡¡him¡¡and¡¡control¡¡his¡¡correspondence¡¡with¡¡his¡¡relatives

in¡¡Vienna¡¡and¡¡Madrid¡¡and¡¡the¡¡other¡¡courts¡¡of¡¡Europe¡£



In¡¡the¡¡Assembly¡¡meanwhile£»¡¡Mirabeau£»¡¡a¡¡nobleman¡¡who

had¡¡become¡¡leader¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Third¡¡Estate£»¡¡was¡¡beginning¡¡to¡¡put

order¡¡into¡¡chaos¡£¡¡But¡¡before¡¡he¡¡could¡¡save¡¡the¡¡position¡¡of¡¡the

king¡¡he¡¡died£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡2nd¡¡of¡¡April¡¡of¡¡the¡¡year¡¡1791¡£¡¡The¡¡king£»

who¡¡now¡¡began¡¡to¡¡fear¡¡for¡¡his¡¡own¡¡life£»¡¡tried¡¡to¡¡escape¡¡on¡¡the

21st¡¡of¡¡June¡£¡¡He¡¡was¡¡recognised¡¡from¡¡his¡¡picture¡¡on¡¡a¡¡coin£»

was¡¡stopped¡¡near¡¡the¡¡village¡¡of¡¡Varennes¡¡by¡¡members¡¡of¡¡the

National¡¡Guard£»¡¡and¡¡was¡¡brought¡¡back¡¡to¡¡Paris£»



In¡¡September¡¡of¡¡1791£»¡¡the¡¡first¡¡constitution¡¡of¡¡France¡¡was

accepted£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡members¡¡of¡¡the¡¡National¡¡Assembly¡¡went

home¡£¡¡On¡¡the¡¡first¡¡of¡¡October¡¡of¡¡1791£»¡¡the¡¡legislative¡¡assembly

came¡¡together¡¡to¡¡continue¡¡the¡¡work¡¡of¡¡the¡¡National

Assembly¡£¡¡In¡¡this¡¡new¡¡gathering¡¡of¡¡popular¡¡representatives

there¡¡were¡¡many¡¡extremely¡¡revolutionary¡¡elements¡£¡¡The

boldest¡¡among¡¡these¡¡were¡¡known¡¡as¡¡the¡¡Jacobins£»¡¡after¡¡the¡¡old

Jacobin¡¡cloister¡¡in¡¡which¡¡they¡¡held¡¡their¡¡political¡¡meetings¡£

These¡¡young¡¡men¡¡£¨most¡¡of¡¡them¡¡belonging¡¡to¡¡the¡¡professional

classes£©¡¡made¡¡very¡¡violent¡¡speeches¡¡and¡¡when¡¡the¡¡newspapers

carried¡¡these¡¡orations¡¡to¡¡Berlin¡¡and¡¡Vienna£»¡¡the¡¡King¡¡of

Prussia¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Emperor¡¡decided¡¡that¡¡they¡¡must¡¡do¡¡something

to¡¡save¡¡their¡¡good¡¡brother¡¡and¡¡sister¡£¡¡They¡¡were¡¡very¡¡busy

just¡¡then¡¡dividing¡¡the¡¡kingdom¡¡of¡¡Poland£»¡¡where¡¡rival¡¡political

factions¡¡had¡¡caused¡¡such¡¡a¡¡state¡¡of¡¡disorder¡¡that¡¡the¡¡country

was¡¡at¡¡the¡¡mercy¡¡of¡¡anybody¡¡who¡¡wanted¡¡to¡¡take¡¡a¡¡couple¡¡of

provinces¡£¡¡But¡¡they¡¡managed¡¡to¡¡send¡¡an¡¡army¡¡to¡¡invade

France¡¡and¡¡deliver¡¡the¡¡king¡£



Then¡¡a¡¡terrible¡¡panic¡¡of¡¡fear¡¡swept¡¡throughout¡¡the¡¡land

of¡¡France¡£¡¡All¡¡the¡¡pent¡­up¡¡hatred¡¡of¡¡years¡¡of¡¡hunger¡¡and

suffering¡¡came¡¡to¡¡a¡¡horrible¡¡climax¡£¡¡The¡¡mob¡¡of¡¡Paris¡¡stormed

the¡¡palace¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Tuilleries¡£¡¡The¡¡faithful¡¡Swiss¡¡bodyguards

tried¡¡to¡¡defend¡¡their¡¡master£»¡¡but¡¡Louis£»¡¡unable¡¡to¡¡make¡¡up¡¡his

mind£»¡¡gave¡¡order¡¡to¡¡¡®¡®cease¡¡firing''¡¡just¡¡when¡¡the¡¡crowd¡¡was

retiring¡£¡¡The¡¡people£»¡¡drunk¡¡with¡¡blood¡¡and¡¡noise¡¡and¡¡cheap

wine£»¡¡murdered¡¡the¡¡Swiss¡¡to¡¡the¡¡last¡¡man£»¡¡then¡¡invaded¡¡the

palace£»¡¡and¡¡went¡¡after¡¡Louis¡¡who¡¡had¡¡escaped¡¡into¡¡the¡¡meeting

hall¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Assembly£»¡¡where¡¡he¡¡was¡¡immediately¡¡suspended¡¡of

his¡¡office£»¡¡and¡¡from¡¡where¡¡he¡¡was¡¡taken¡¡as¡¡a¡¡prisoner¡¡to¡¡the

old¡¡castle¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Temple¡£



But¡¡the¡¡armies¡¡of¡¡Austria¡¡and¡¡Prussia¡¡continued¡¡their¡¡advance

and¡¡the¡¡panic¡¡changed¡¡into¡¡hysteria¡¡and¡¡turned¡¡men¡¡and

women¡¡into¡¡wild¡¡beasts¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡first¡¡week¡¡of¡¡September¡¡of

the¡¡year¡¡1792£»¡¡the¡¡crowd¡¡broke¡¡into¡¡the¡¡jails¡¡and¡¡murdered¡¡all

the¡¡prisoners¡£¡¡The¡¡government¡¡did¡¡not¡¡interfere¡£¡¡The¡¡Jacobins£»

headed¡¡by¡¡Danton£»¡¡knew¡¡that¡¡this¡¡crisis¡¡meant¡¡either¡¡the

success¡¡or¡¡the¡¡failure¡¡of¡¡the¡¡revolution£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡only¡¡the¡¡most

brutal¡¡audacity¡¡could¡¡save¡¡them¡£¡¡The¡¡Legislative¡¡Assembly

was¡¡closed¡¡and¡¡on¡¡the¡¡21st¡¡of¡¡September¡¡of¡¡the¡¡year¡¡1792£»¡¡a

new¡¡National¡¡Convention¡¡came¡¡together¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡a¡¡body¡¡composed

almost¡¡entirely¡¡of¡¡extreme¡¡revolutionists¡£¡¡The¡¡king¡¡was

formally¡¡accused¡¡of¡¡high¡¡treason¡¡and¡¡was¡¡brought¡¡before¡¡the

Convention¡£¡¡He¡¡was¡¡found¡¡guilty¡¡and¡¡by¡¡a¡¡vote¡¡of¡¡361¡¡to¡¡360

£¨the¡¡extra¡¡vote¡¡being¡¡that¡¡of¡¡his¡¡cousin¡¡the¡¡Duke¡¡of¡¡Orleans£©

he¡¡was¡¡condemned¡¡to¡¡death¡£¡¡On¡¡the¡¡21st¡¡of¡¡January¡¡of¡¡the

year¡¡1793£»¡¡he¡¡quietly¡¡and¡¡with¡¡much¡¡dignity¡¡suffered¡¡himself

to¡¡be¡¡taken¡¡to¡¡the¡¡scaffold¡£¡¡He¡¡had¡¡never¡¡understood¡¡what¡¡all

the¡¡shooting¡¡and¡¡the¡¡fuss¡¡had¡¡been¡¡about¡£¡¡And¡¡he¡¡had¡¡been¡¡too

proud¡¡to¡¡ask¡¡questions¡£



Then¡¡the¡¡Jacobins¡¡turned¡¡against¡¡the¡¡more¡¡moderate¡¡element

in¡¡the¡¡convention£»¡¡the¡¡Girondists£»¡¡called¡¡after¡¡their¡¡southern

district£»¡¡the¡¡Gironde¡£¡¡A¡¡special¡¡revolutionary¡¡tribunal¡¡was

instituted¡¡and¡¡twenty¡­one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡le

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ