the story of mankind-第2节
按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页，按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页，按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部！
————未阅读完？加入书签已便下次继续阅读！
DROVE THE PERSIANS BACK ACROSS THE AEGEAN SEA
19。 HOW ATHENS AND SPARTA FOUGHT A LONG AND DISASTROUS WAR
FOR THE LEADERSHIP OF GREECE
20。 ALEXANDER THE MACEDONIAN ESTABLISHES A GREEK WORLD
EMPIRE； AND WHAT BECAME OF THIS HIGH AMBITION
21。 A SHORT SUMMARY OF CHAPTERS 1 TO 20
22。 THE SEMITIC COLONY OF CARTHAGE ON THE NORTHERN COAST OF
AFRICA AND THE INDO…EUROPEAN CITY OF ROME ON THE WEST
COAST OF ITALY FOUGHT EACH OTHER FOR THE POSSESSION OF
THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN AND CARTHAGE WAS DESTROYED
23。 HOW ROME HAPPENED
24。 HOW THE REPUBLIC OF ROME； AFTER CENTURIES OF UNREST AND
REVOLUTION； BECAME AN EMPIRE
25。 THE STORY OF JOSHUA OF NAZARETH； WHOM THE GREEKS CALLED
JESUS
26。 THE TWILIGHT OF ROME
27。 HOW ROME BECAME THE CENTRE OF THE CHRISTIAN WORLD
28。 AHMED； THE CAMEL DRIVER； WHO BECAME THE PROPHET OF THE
ARABIAN DESERT； AND WHOSE FOLLOWERS ALMOST CONQUERED
THE ENTIRE KNOWN WORLD FOR THE GREATER GLORY OF
ALLAH； THE ‘‘ONLY TRUE GOD''
29。 HOW CHARLEMAGNE； THE KING OF THE ~ RANKS； CAME TO BEAR
THE TITLE OF EMPEROR AND TRIED TO REVIVE THE OLD IDEAL
OF WORLD…EMPIRE
30。 WHY THE PEOPLE OF THE TENTH CENTURY PRAYED THE LORD
TO PROTECT THEM FROM THE FURY OF THE NORSEMEN
31。 HOW CENTRAL EUROPE； ATTACKED FROM THREE SIDES； BECAME
AN ARMED CAMP AND WHY EUROPE WOULD HAVE PERISHED
WITHOUT THOSE PROFESSIONAL SOLDIERS AND ADMINISTRATORS
WHO WERE PART OF THE FEUDAL SYSTEM
32。 CHIVALRY
33。 THE STRANGE DOUBLE LOYALTY OF THE PEOPLE OF THE MIDDLE
AGES； AND HOW IT LED TO ENDLESS QUARRELS BETWEEN THE
POPES AND THE HOLY ROMAN EMPERORS
34。 BUT ALL THESE DIFFERENT QUARRELS WERE FORGOTTEN WHEN
THE TURKS TOOK THE HOLY LAND； DESECRATED THE HOLY
PLACES AND INTERFERED SERIOUSLY WITH THE TRADE FROM
EAST TO WEST。 EUROPE WENT CRUSADING
35。 WHY THE PEOPLE OF THE MIDDLE AGES SAID THAT CITY AIR
IS FREE AIR
36。 HOW THE PEOPLE OF THE CITIES ASSERTED THEIR RIGHT
TO BE HEARD IN THE ROYAL COUNCILS OF THEIR COUNTRY
37。 WHAT THE PEOPLE OF THE MIDDLE AGES THOUGHT OF THE
WORLD IN WHICH THEY HAPPENED TO LIVE
38。 HOW THE CRUSADES ONCE MORE MADE THE MEDITERRANEAN A
BUSY CENTRE OF TBADE AND HOW THE CITIES OF THE ITALIAN
PENINSULA BECAME THE GREAT DISTRIBUTING CENTRE FOR THE
COMMERCE WITH ASIA AND AFRICA
39。 PEOPLE ONCE MORE DARED TO BE HAPPY JUST BECAUSE THEY
WERE ALIVE。 THEY TRIED TO SAVE THE REMAINS OF THE
OLDER AND MORE AGREEABLE CIVILISATION OF ROME AND
GREECE AND THEY WERE 80 PROUD OF THEIR ACHIEVEMENTS
THAT THEY SPOKE OF A RENAISSANCE OR RE…BIRTH OF
CIVILISATION
40。 THE PEOPLE BEGAN TO FEEL THE NEED OF GIVING EXPRESSION
TO THEIR NEWLY DISCOVERED JOY OF LIVING。 THEY EXPRESSED
THEIR HAPPINES9 IN POETRY AND IN SCULPTURE AND
IN ARCHITECTURE AND PAINTING； AND IN THE BOOKS THEY
PRINTED
41。 BUT NOW THAT PEOPLE HAD BROKEN THROUGH THE BONDS OF
THEIR NARROW ~IEDIIEVAL LIMITATIONS； THEY HAD TO HAVE
MORE ROOM FOR THEIR WANDERINGS。 THE EUROPEAN WORLD
HAD GROWN TOO SMALL FOR THEIR AMBITIONS。 IT WAS THE
TIME OF THE GREAT VOYAGES OF DISCOVERY
42。 CONCERNING BUDDHA AND CONFUCIUS
43。 THE PROGRESS OF THE HUMAN RACE IS BEST COMPARED TO A
GIGANTIC PENDULUM WHICH FOREVER SWINGS FORWARD AND
BACKWARD。 THE RELIGIOUS INDIFFERENCE AND THE ARTISTIC
AND LITERARY ENTHUSIASM OF THE RENAISSANCE WERE FOLLOWED
BY THE ARTISTIC AND LITERARY INDIFFERENCE AND THE
RELIGIOITS ENTHUSIASM OF THE REFORMATION
44。 THE AGE OF THE GREAT RELIGIOUS CONTROVERSIES
45。 HOW THE STRUGGLE BETWEEN THE DIVINE RIGHT OF KINGS
AND THE LESS DIVINE BUT MORE REASONABLE RIGHT OF
PARLIAMENT ENDED DISASTROUSLY FOR KING CHARLES II
46。 IN FRANCE； ON THE OTHER HAND； THE DIVINE RIGHT OF KINGS
CONTINUED WITH GREATER POMP AND SPLENDOR THAN EVER
BEFORE AND THE AMBITION OF THE RULER WAS ONLY TEMPERED
BY THE NEWLY INVENTED LAW OF THE BALANCE OF POWER
47。 THE STORY OF THE MYSTERIOUS MUSCOVITE EMPIRE WHICH SUDDENLY
BURST UPON THE GRAND POLITICAL STAGE OF EUROPE
48。 RUSSIA AND SWEDEN FOUGHT MANY WARS TO DECIDE WHO
SHALL BE THE LEADING POWER OF NORTHEASTERN EUROPE
49。 THE EXTRAORDINARY RISE OF A LITTLE STATE IN A DREARY PART
OF NORTHERN GERMANY； CALLED PRUSSIA
50。 HOW THE NEWLY FOUNDED NATIONAL OR DYNASTIC STATES OF
EUROPE TRIED TO MAKE THEMSELVES RICH AND WHAT WAS
MEANT BY THE MERCANTILE SYSTEM
51。 AT THE END OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY EUROPE HEARD
STRANGE REPORTS OF SOMETHING WHICH HAD HAPPENED IN
THE WILDERNESS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN CONTINENT。 THE
DESCENDANTS OF THE MEN WHO HAD PUNISHED KING CHARLES
FOR HIS INSISTENCE UPON HIS DIVINE RIGHTS ADDED A
NEW CHAPTER TO THE OLD STORY OF THE STRUGGLE FOR SELF…
GOVERNMENT
62。 THE GREAT FRENCH REVOLUTION PROCLAIMS THE PRINCIPLES
OF LIBERTY； FRATERNITY AND EQUALITY UNTO All THE PEOPLE
OF THE EARTH
53。 NAPOLEON
54。 AS SOON AS NAPOLEON HAD BEEN SENT TO ST。 HELENA； THE
RULERS WHO SO OFTEN HAD BEEN DEFEATED BY THE HATED
CORSICAN MET AT VIENNA AND TRIED TO UNDO THE MANY
CHANCES WHICH HAD BEEN BROUGHT ABOUT BY THE FRENCH
REVOLUTION
55。 THEY TRIED TO ASSURE THE WORLD AN ERA OF UNDISTURBED
PEACE BY SUPPRESSING ALL NEW IDEAS。 THEY MADE THE
POLICE…SPY THE HIGHEST FUNCTIONARY IN THE STATE AND
SOON THE PRISONS OF AIL COUNTRIES WERE FILLED WITH
THOSE WHO CLAIMED THAT PEOPLE HAVE THE RIGHT TO
GOVERN THEMSELVES AS THEY SEE FIT
56。 THE LOVE OF NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE； HOWEVER； WAS TOO
STRONG TO BE DESTROYED IN THIS WAY。 THE SOUTH AMERICANS
WERE THE FIRST TO REBEL AGAINST THE REACTIONARY
MEASURES OF THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA。 GREECE AND BELGIUM
AND SPAIN AND A LARGE NUMBER OF OTHER COUNTRIES
OF THE EUROPEAN CONTINENT FOLLOWED SUIT AND THE
NINETEENTH CENTURY WAS FILLED WITH THE RUMOR OF MANY
WARS OF INDEPENDENCE
57。 BUT WHITE THE PEOPLE OF EUROPE WERE FIGHTING FOR THEIR
NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE； THE WORLD IN WHICH THEY LIVED
HAD BEEN ENTIRELY CHANGED BY A SERIES OF INVENTIONS；
WHICH HAD MADE THE CLUMSY OLD STEAM…ENGINE OF THE
EIGHTEENTH CENTURY THE MOST FAITHFUL AND EFFICIENT
STAVE OF MAN
58。 THE NEW ENGINES WERE VERY EXPENSIVE AND ONLY PEOPLE
OF WEALTH COULD AFFORD THEM。 THE OLD CARPENTER OR
SHOEMAKER WHO HAD BEEN HIS OWN MASTER IN HIS LITTLE
WORKSHOP WAS OBLIGED TO HIRE HIMSELF OUT TO THE OWNERS
OF THE BIG MECHANICAL TOOLS； AND WHITE HE MADE
MORE MONEY THAN BEFORE； HE LOST HIS FORMER INDEPENDENCE
AND HE DID NOT LIKE THAT
59。 THE GENERAL INTRODUCTION OF MACHINERY DID NOT BRING
ABOUT THE ERA OF HAPPINESS AND PROSPERITY WHICH HAD
BEEN PREDICTED BY THE GENERATION WHICH SAW THE STAGE
COACH REPLACED BY THE RAILROAD。 SEVERAL REMEDIES
WERE SUGGESTED； BUT NONE OF THESE QUITE SOLVED THE
PROBLEM
60。 BUT THE WORLD HAD UNDERGONE ANOTHER CHANGE WHICH WAS
OF GREATER IMPORTANCE THAN EITHER THE POLITICAL OR THE
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONS。 AFTER GENERATIONS OF OPPRESSION
AND PERSECUTION； THE SCIENTIST HAD AT LAST GAINED
LIBERTY OF ACTION AND HE WAS NOW TRYING TO DISCOVER
THE FUNDAMENTAL LAWS WHICH GOVERN THE UNIVERSE
61。 A CHAPTER OF ART
62。 THE LAST FIFTY YEARS； INCLUDING SEVERAL EXPLANATIONS
AND A FEW APOLOGIES
63。 THE GREAT WAR； WHICH WAS REALLY THE STRUGGLE FOR A
NEW AND BETTER WORLD
64。ANIMATED CHRONOLOGY
65。CONCERNING THE PICTURES
66。AN HISTORICAL READING LIST FOR CHILDREN
67。INDEX
THE STORY OF MANKIND
HIGH Up in the North in the land called Svithjod； there
stands a rock。 It is a hundred miles high and a hundred miles
wide。 Once every thousand years a little bird comes to this
rock to sharpen its beak。
When the rock has thus been worn away； then a single day
of eternity will have gone by。
THE SETTING OF THE STAGE
WE live under the shadow of a gigantic question mark。
Who are we？
Where do we come from？
Whither are we bound？
Slowly； but with persistent courage； we have been pushing
this question mark further and further towards that distant
line； beyond the horizon； where we hope to find our answer。
We have not gone very far。
We still know very little but we have reached the point
where （with a fair degree of accuracy） we can guess at many
things。
In this chapter I shall tell you how （according to our best
belief） the stage was set for the first appearance of man。
If we represent the time during which it has been possible for
animal life to exist upon our planet by a line of this length；
then the tiny line just below indicates the age during which
man （or a creature more or less resembling man） has lived
upon this earth。
Man was the last to come but the first to use his brain for
the purpose of conquering the forces of nature。 That is the
reason why we are going to study him； rather than cats or
dogs or horses or any of the other animals； who； all in their
own way； have a very interesting historical development behind
them。
In the beginning； the planet upon which we live was （as far
as we now know） a large ball of flamin
