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the story of mankind-µÚ10½Ú

С˵£º the story of mankind ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

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¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡




country¡¡and¡¡which¡¡recognised¡¡no¡¡master¡¡but¡¡the¡¡will¡¡of¡¡the

people¡¡in¡¡the¡¡market¡­place¡£



To¡¡the¡¡Greek£»¡¡his¡¡fatherland¡¡was¡¡the¡¡place¡¡where¡¡he¡¡was

born£»¡¡where¡¡he¡¡had¡¡spent¡¡his¡¡earliest¡¡years¡¡playing¡¡hide¡¡and

seek¡¡amidst¡¡the¡¡forbidden¡¡rocks¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Acropolis£»¡¡where¡¡he¡¡had

grown¡¡into¡¡manhood¡¡with¡¡a¡¡thousand¡¡other¡¡boys¡¡and¡¡girls£»

whose¡¡nicknames¡¡were¡¡as¡¡familiar¡¡to¡¡him¡¡as¡¡those¡¡of¡¡your¡¡own

schoolmates¡£¡¡His¡¡Fatherland¡¡was¡¡the¡¡holy¡¡soil¡¡where¡¡his¡¡father

and¡¡mother¡¡lay¡¡buried¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡the¡¡small¡¡house¡¡within¡¡the¡¡high

city¡­walls¡¡where¡¡his¡¡wife¡¡and¡¡children¡¡lived¡¡in¡¡safety¡£¡¡It¡¡was

a¡¡complete¡¡world¡¡which¡¡covered¡¡no¡¡more¡¡than¡¡four¡¡or¡¡five

acres¡¡of¡¡rocky¡¡land¡£¡¡Don't¡¡you¡¡see¡¡how¡¡these¡¡surroundings

must¡¡have¡¡influenced¡¡a¡¡man¡¡in¡¡everything¡¡he¡¡did¡¡and¡¡said¡¡and

thought£¿¡¡The¡¡people¡¡of¡¡Babylon¡¡and¡¡Assyria¡¡and¡¡Egypt

had¡¡been¡¡part¡¡of¡¡a¡¡vast¡¡mob¡£¡¡They¡¡had¡¡been¡¡lost¡¡in¡¡the¡¡multitude¡£

The¡¡Greek¡¡on¡¡the¡¡other¡¡hand¡¡had¡¡never¡¡lost¡¡touch¡¡with

his¡¡immediate¡¡surroundings¡£¡¡He¡¡never¡¡ceased¡¡to¡¡be¡¡part¡¡of¡¡a

little¡¡town¡¡where¡¡everybody¡¡knew¡¡every¡¡one¡¡else¡£¡¡He¡¡felt

that¡¡his¡¡intelligent¡¡neighbours¡¡were¡¡watching¡¡him¡£¡¡Whatever

he¡¡did£»¡¡whether¡¡he¡¡wrote¡¡plays¡¡or¡¡made¡¡statues¡¡out¡¡of¡¡marble

or¡¡composed¡¡songs£»¡¡he¡¡remembered¡¡that¡¡his¡¡efforts¡¡were¡¡going

to¡¡be¡¡judged¡¡by¡¡all¡¡the¡¡free¡­born¡¡citizens¡¡of¡¡his¡¡home¡­town¡¡who

knew¡¡about¡¡such¡¡things¡£¡¡This¡¡knowledge¡¡forced¡¡him¡¡to¡¡strive

after¡¡perfection£»¡¡and¡¡perfection£»¡¡as¡¡he¡¡had¡¡been¡¡taught¡¡from

childhood£»¡¡was¡¡not¡¡possible¡¡without¡¡moderation¡£



In¡¡this¡¡hard¡¡school£»¡¡the¡¡Greeks¡¡learned¡¡to¡¡excel¡¡in¡¡many

things¡£¡¡They¡¡created¡¡new¡¡forms¡¡of¡¡government¡¡and¡¡new¡¡forms

of¡¡literature¡¡and¡¡new¡¡ideals¡¡in¡¡art¡¡which¡¡we¡¡have¡¡never¡¡been

able¡¡to¡¡surpass¡£¡¡They¡¡performed¡¡these¡¡miracles¡¡in¡¡little¡¡villages

that¡¡covered¡¡less¡¡ground¡¡than¡¡four¡¡or¡¡five¡¡modern¡¡city

blocks¡£



And¡¡look£»¡¡what¡¡finally¡¡happened£¡



In¡¡the¡¡fourth¡¡century¡¡before¡¡our¡¡era£»¡¡Alexander¡¡of¡¡Macedonia

conquered¡¡the¡¡world¡£¡¡As¡¡soon¡¡as¡¡he¡¡had¡¡done¡¡with

fighting£»¡¡Alexander¡¡decided¡¡that¡¡he¡¡must¡¡bestow¡¡the¡¡benefits

of¡¡the¡¡true¡¡Greek¡¡genius¡¡upon¡¡all¡¡mankind¡£¡¡He¡¡took¡¡it¡¡away

from¡¡the¡¡little¡¡cities¡¡and¡¡the¡¡little¡¡villages¡¡and¡¡tried¡¡to¡¡make

it¡¡blossom¡¡and¡¡bear¡¡fruit¡¡amidst¡¡the¡¡vast¡¡royal¡¡residences¡¡of

his¡¡newly¡¡acquired¡¡Empire¡£¡¡But¡¡the¡¡Greeks£»¡¡removed¡¡from

the¡¡familiar¡¡sight¡¡of¡¡their¡¡own¡¡temples£»¡¡removed¡¡from¡¡the¡¡well¡­

known¡¡sounds¡¡and¡¡smells¡¡of¡¡their¡¡own¡¡crooked¡¡streets£»¡¡at¡¡once

lost¡¡the¡¡cheerful¡¡joy¡¡and¡¡the¡¡marvellous¡¡sense¡¡of¡¡moderation

which¡¡had¡¡inspired¡¡the¡¡work¡¡of¡¡their¡¡hands¡¡and¡¡brains¡¡while

they¡¡laboured¡¡for¡¡the¡¡glory¡¡of¡¡their¡¡old¡¡city¡­states¡£¡¡They¡¡became

cheap¡¡artisans£»¡¡content¡¡with¡¡second¡­rate¡¡work¡£¡¡The¡¡day

the¡¡little¡¡city¡­states¡¡of¡¡old¡¡Hellas¡¡lost¡¡their¡¡independence¡¡and

were¡¡forced¡¡to¡¡become¡¡part¡¡of¡¡a¡¡big¡¡nation£»¡¡the¡¡old¡¡Greek¡¡spirit

died¡£¡¡And¡¡it¡¡has¡¡been¡¡dead¡¡ever¡¡since¡£







GREEK¡¡SELF¡­GOVERNMENT



THE¡¡GREEKS¡¡WERE¡¡THE¡¡FIRST¡¡PEOPLE¡¡TO

TRY¡¡THE¡¡DIFFICULT¡¡EXPERIMENT¡¡OF

SELF¡­GOVERNMENT





IN¡¡the¡¡beginning£»¡¡all¡¡the¡¡Greeks¡¡had¡¡been¡¡equally¡¡rich¡¡and

equally¡¡poor¡£¡¡Every¡¡man¡¡had¡¡owned¡¡a¡¡certain¡¡number¡¡of

cows¡¡and¡¡sheep¡£¡¡His¡¡mud¡­hut¡¡had¡¡been¡¡his¡¡castle¡£¡¡He¡¡had

been¡¡free¡¡to¡¡come¡¡and¡¡go¡¡as¡¡he¡¡wished¡£¡¡Whenever¡¡it¡¡was¡¡necessary

to¡¡discuss¡¡matters¡¡of¡¡public¡¡importance£»¡¡all¡¡the¡¡citizens

had¡¡gathered¡¡in¡¡the¡¡market¡­place¡£¡¡One¡¡of¡¡the¡¡older¡¡men¡¡of¡¡the

village¡¡was¡¡elected¡¡chairman¡¡and¡¡it¡¡was¡¡his¡¡duty¡¡to¡¡see¡¡that

everybody¡¡had¡¡a¡¡chance¡¡to¡¡express¡¡his¡¡views¡£¡¡In¡¡case¡¡of¡¡war£»

a¡¡particularly¡¡energetic¡¡and¡¡self¡­confident¡¡villager¡¡was¡¡chosen

commander¡­in¡­chief£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡same¡¡people¡¡who¡¡had¡¡voluntarily

given¡¡this¡¡man¡¡the¡¡right¡¡to¡¡be¡¡their¡¡leader£»¡¡claimed¡¡an¡¡equal

right¡¡to¡¡deprive¡¡him¡¡of¡¡his¡¡job£»¡¡once¡¡the¡¡danger¡¡had¡¡been

averted¡£



But¡¡gradually¡¡the¡¡village¡¡had¡¡grown¡¡into¡¡a¡¡city¡£¡¡Some

people¡¡had¡¡worked¡¡hard¡¡and¡¡others¡¡had¡¡been¡¡lazy¡£¡¡A¡¡few

had¡¡been¡¡unlucky¡¡and¡¡still¡¡others¡¡had¡¡been¡¡just¡¡plain¡¡dishonest

in¡¡dealing¡¡with¡¡their¡¡neighbours¡¡and¡¡had¡¡gathered¡¡wealth¡£

As¡¡a¡¡result£»¡¡the¡¡city¡¡no¡¡longer¡¡consisted¡¡of¡¡a¡¡number¡¡of¡¡men

who¡¡were¡¡equally¡¡well¡­off¡£¡¡On¡¡the¡¡contrary¡¡it¡¡was¡¡inhabited

by¡¡a¡¡small¡¡class¡¡of¡¡very¡¡rich¡¡people¡¡and¡¡a¡¡large¡¡class¡¡of¡¡very

poor¡¡ones¡£



There¡¡had¡¡been¡¡another¡¡change¡£¡¡The¡¡old¡¡commander¡­in¡­

chief¡¡who¡¡had¡¡been¡¡willingly¡¡recognised¡¡as¡¡¡®¡®headman''¡¡or

¡®¡®King''¡¡because¡¡he¡¡knew¡¡how¡¡to¡¡lead¡¡his¡¡men¡¡to¡¡victory£»¡¡had

disappeared¡¡from¡¡the¡¡scene¡£¡¡His¡¡place¡¡had¡¡been¡¡taken¡¡by¡¡the

noblesa¡¡class¡¡of¡¡rich¡¡people¡¡who¡¡during¡¡the¡¡course¡¡of¡¡time

had¡¡got¡¡hold¡¡of¡¡an¡¡undue¡¡share¡¡of¡¡the¡¡farms¡¡and¡¡estates¡£



These¡¡nobles¡¡enjoyed¡¡many¡¡advantages¡¡over¡¡the¡¡common

crowd¡¡of¡¡freemen¡£¡¡They¡¡were¡¡able¡¡to¡¡buy¡¡the¡¡best¡¡weapons

which¡¡were¡¡to¡¡be¡¡found¡¡on¡¡the¡¡market¡¡of¡¡the¡¡eastern¡¡Mediterranean¡£

They¡¡had¡¡much¡¡spare¡¡time¡¡in¡¡which¡¡they¡¡could¡¡prac¡­

tise¡¡the¡¡art¡¡of¡¡fighting¡£¡¡They¡¡lived¡¡in¡¡strongly¡¡built¡¡houses

and¡¡they¡¡could¡¡hire¡¡soldiers¡¡to¡¡fight¡¡for¡¡them¡£¡¡They¡¡were

constantly¡¡quarrelling¡¡among¡¡each¡¡other¡¡to¡¡decide¡¡who¡¡should

rule¡¡the¡¡city¡£¡¡The¡¡victorious¡¡nobleman¡¡then¡¡assumed¡¡a¡¡sort¡¡of

Kingship¡¡over¡¡all¡¡his¡¡neighbours¡¡and¡¡governed¡¡the¡¡town¡¡until

he¡¡in¡¡turn¡¡was¡¡killed¡¡or¡¡driven¡¡away¡¡by¡¡still¡¡another¡¡ambitious

nobleman¡£



Such¡¡a¡¡King£»¡¡by¡¡the¡¡grace¡¡of¡¡his¡¡soldiers£»¡¡was¡¡called¡¡a

¡®¡®Tyrant''¡¡and¡¡during¡¡the¡¡seventh¡¡and¡¡sixth¡¡centuries¡¡before

our¡¡era¡¡every¡¡Greek¡¡city¡¡was¡¡for¡¡a¡¡time¡¡ruled¡¡by¡¡such¡¡Tyrants£»

many¡¡of¡¡whom£»¡¡by¡¡the¡¡way£»¡¡happened¡¡to¡¡be¡¡exceedingly¡¡capa¡­


ble¡¡men¡£¡¡But¡¡in¡¡the¡¡long¡¡run£»¡¡this¡¡state¡¡of¡¡affairs¡¡became

unbearable¡£¡¡Then¡¡attempts¡¡were¡¡made¡¡to¡¡bring¡¡about¡¡reforms

and¡¡out¡¡of¡¡these¡¡reforms¡¡grew¡¡the¡¡first¡¡democratic¡¡government

of¡¡which¡¡the¡¡world¡¡has¡¡a¡¡record¡£



It¡¡was¡¡early¡¡in¡¡the¡¡seventh¡¡century¡¡that¡¡the¡¡people¡¡of

Athens¡¡decided¡¡to¡¡do¡¡some¡¡housecleaning¡¡and¡¡give¡¡the¡¡large

number¡¡of¡¡freemen¡¡once¡¡more¡¡a¡¡voice¡¡in¡¡the¡¡government¡¡as

they¡¡were¡¡supposed¡¡to¡¡have¡¡had¡¡in¡¡the¡¡days¡¡of¡¡their¡¡Achaean

ancestors¡£¡¡They¡¡asked¡¡a¡¡man¡¡by¡¡the¡¡name¡¡of¡¡Draco¡¡to¡¡provide

them¡¡with¡¡a¡¡set¡¡of¡¡laws¡¡that¡¡would¡¡protect¡¡the¡¡poor¡¡against

the¡¡aggressions¡¡of¡¡the¡¡rich¡£¡¡Draco¡¡set¡¡to¡¡work¡£¡¡Unfortunately

he¡¡was¡¡a¡¡professional¡¡lawyer¡¡and¡¡very¡¡much¡¡out¡¡of¡¡touch

with¡¡ordinary¡¡life¡£¡¡In¡¡his¡¡eyes¡¡a¡¡crime¡¡was¡¡a¡¡crime¡¡and¡¡when

he¡¡had¡¡finished¡¡his¡¡code£»¡¡the¡¡people¡¡of¡¡Athens¡¡discovered¡¡that

these¡¡Draconian¡¡laws¡¡were¡¡so¡¡severe¡¡that¡¡they¡¡could¡¡not

possibly¡¡be¡¡put¡¡into¡¡effect¡£¡¡There¡¡would¡¡not¡¡have¡¡been¡¡rope

enough¡¡to¡¡hang¡¡all¡¡the¡¡criminals¡¡under¡¡their¡¡new¡¡system¡¡of

jurisprudence¡¡which¡¡made¡¡the¡¡stealing¡¡of¡¡an¡¡apple¡¡a¡¡capital

offence¡£



The¡¡Athenians¡¡looked¡¡about¡¡for¡¡a¡¡more¡¡humane¡¡reformer¡£

At¡¡last¡¡they¡¡found¡¡some¡¡one¡¡who¡¡could¡¡do¡¡that¡¡sort¡¡of¡¡thing

better¡¡than¡¡anybody¡¡else¡£¡¡His¡¡name¡¡was¡¡Solon¡£¡¡He¡¡belonged

to¡¡a¡¡noble¡¡family¡¡and¡¡he¡¡had¡¡travelled¡¡all¡¡over¡¡the¡¡world¡¡and

had¡¡studied¡¡the¡¡forms¡¡of¡¡government¡¡of¡¡many¡¡other¡¡countries¡£

After¡¡a¡¡careful¡¡study¡¡of¡¡the¡¡subject£»¡¡Solon¡¡gave¡¡Athens¡¡a¡¡set

of¡¡laws¡¡which¡¡bore¡¡testimony¡¡to¡¡that¡¡wonderful¡¡principle¡¡of

moderation¡¡which¡¡was¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Greek¡¡character¡£¡¡He¡¡tried

to¡¡improve¡¡the¡¡condition¡¡of¡¡the¡¡peasant¡¡without¡¡however¡¡destroying

the¡¡prosperity¡¡of¡¡the¡¡nobles¡¡who¡¡were¡¡£¨or¡¡rather¡¡who

could¡¡be£©¡¡of¡¡such¡¡great¡¡service¡¡to¡¡the¡¡state¡¡as¡¡soldiers¡£¡¡To¡¡protect

the¡¡poorer¡¡classes¡¡against¡¡abuse¡¡on¡¡the¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡judges

£¨who¡¡were¡¡always¡¡elected¡¡from¡¡the¡¡class¡¡of¡¡the¡¡nobles¡¡because

they¡¡received¡¡no¡¡salary£©¡¡Solon¡¡made¡¡a¡¡provision¡¡whereby¡¡a

citizen¡¡with¡¡a¡¡grievance¡¡had¡¡the¡¡right¡¡to¡¡state¡¡his¡¡case¡¡before

a¡¡jury¡¡of¡¡thirty¡¡of¡¡his¡¡fellow¡¡Athenians¡£



Most¡¡important¡¡of¡¡all£»¡¡Solon¡¡forced¡¡the¡¡average¡¡freeman

to¡¡take¡¡a¡¡direct¡¡and¡¡personal¡¡interest¡¡in¡¡the¡¡affairs¡¡of¡¡the¡¡city¡£

No¡¡longer¡¡could¡¡he¡¡stay¡¡at¡¡home¡¡and¡¡say¡¡¡®¡®oh£»¡¡I¡¡am¡¡too¡¡busy

today''¡¡or¡¡¡®¡®it¡¡is¡¡raining¡¡and¡¡I¡¡had¡¡better¡¡stay¡¡indoors¡£''¡¡He

was¡¡expected¡¡to¡¡do¡¡his¡¡share£»¡¡to¡¡be¡¡at¡¡the¡¡meeting¡¡of¡¡the¡¡town

council£»¡¡and¡¡carry¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡responsibility¡¡for¡¡the¡¡safety¡¡and

the¡¡prosperity¡¡of¡¡the¡¡state¡£



This¡¡government¡¡by¡¡the¡¡¡®¡®demos£»''¡¡the¡¡people£»¡¡was¡¡often¡¡far

from¡¡successful¡£¡¡There¡¡was¡¡too¡¡much¡¡idle¡¡talk¡£¡¡There¡¡were

too¡¡many¡¡hateful¡¡and¡¡spiteful¡¡scenes¡¡between¡¡rivals¡¡for¡¡official

honor¡£¡¡But¡¡it¡¡taught¡¡the¡¡Greek¡¡people¡¡to¡¡be¡¡independent¡¡and

to¡¡rely¡¡upon¡¡themselves¡¡for¡¡their¡¡salvation¡¡and¡¡that¡¡was¡¡a¡¡very

good¡¡thing¡£







GREEK¡¡LIFE



HOW¡¡THE¡¡GREEKS¡¡LIVED





BUT¡¡how£»¡¡you¡¡will¡¡ask£»¡¡did¡¡the¡¡ancient¡¡Greeks¡¡have¡¡time

to¡¡look¡¡after¡¡their¡¡families¡¡and¡¡their¡¡business¡¡if¡¡they¡¡were

forever¡¡running¡¡to¡¡the¡¡market¡­place¡¡to¡¡discuss¡¡affairs¡¡of¡¡state£¿

In¡¡this¡¡chapter¡¡I¡¡shall¡¡tell¡¡you¡£



In¡¡all¡¡matters¡¡of¡¡government£»¡¡the¡¡Greek¡¡democracy¡¡recognised

only¡¡one¡¡class¡¡of¡¡citizensthe¡¡freemen¡£¡¡Every¡¡Greek

city¡¡was¡¡composed¡¡of¡¡a¡¡small¡¡number¡¡of¡¡free¡¡born¡¡citizens£»¡¡a

large¡¡number¡¡of¡¡slaves¡¡and¡¡a¡¡sprinkling¡¡of¡¡foreigners¡£



At¡¡rare¡¡intervals¡¡£¨usually¡¡during¡¡a¡¡war£»¡¡when¡¡men¡¡were

needed¡¡for¡¡the¡¡army£©¡¡the¡¡Greeks¡¡showed¡¡themselves¡¡willing¡¡to

confer¡¡the¡¡rights¡¡of¡¡citizenship¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡¡®¡®barbarians''¡¡as¡¡they

called¡¡the¡¡foreigners¡£¡¡But¡¡this¡¡was¡¡an¡¡exception¡£¡¡Citizenship

was¡¡a¡¡matter¡¡of¡¡birth¡£¡¡You¡¡were¡¡an¡¡Athenian¡¡because¡¡your

father¡¡and¡¡your¡¡grandfather¡¡had¡¡been¡¡Athe

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

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