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th　Tyrrhenia；　with　Iberia；　and　the　city　of　Tartessus。　The　vessel　which　they　used　in　their　voyages　was　not　the　round…built　merchant…ship；　but　the　long　penteconter。　On　their　arrival　at　Tartessus；　the　king　of　the　country；　whose　name　was　Arganthonius；　took　a　liking　to　them。　This　monarch　reigned　over　the　Tartessians　for　eighty　years；　and　lived　to　be　a　hundred　and　twenty　years　old。　He　regarded　the　Phocaeans　with　so　much　favour　as；　at　first；　to　beg　them　to　quit　Ionia　and　settle　in　whatever　part　of　his　country　they　liked。　Afterwards；　finding　that　he　could　not　prevail　upon　them　to　agree　to　this；　and　hearing　that　the　Mede　was　growing　great　in　their　neighbourhood；　he　gave　them　money　to　build　a　wall　about　their　town；　and　certainly　he　must　have　given　it　with　a　bountiful　hand；　for　the　town　is　many　furlongs　in　circuit；　and　the　wall　is　built　entirely　of　great　blocks　of　stone　skilfully　fitted　together。　The　wall；　then；　was　built　by　his　aid。　　　　　Harpagus；　having　advanced　against　the　Phocaeans　with　his　army；　laid　siege　to　their　city；　first；　however；　offering　them　terms。　〃It　would　content　him；〃　he　said；　〃if　the　Phocaeans　would　agree　to　throw　down　one　of　their　battlements；　and　dedicate　one　dwelling…house　to　the　king。〃　The　Phocaeans；　sorely　vexed　at　the　thought　of　becoming　slaves；　asked　a　single　day　to　deliberate　on　the　answer　they　should　return；　and　besought　Harpagus　during　that　day　to　draw　off　his　forces　from　the　walls。　Harpagus　replied；　〃that　he　understood　well　enough　what　they　were　about　to　do；　but　nevertheless　he　would　grant　their　request。〃　Accordingly　the　troops　were　withdrawn；　and　the　Phocaeans　forthwith　took　advantage　of　their　absence　to　launch　their　penteconters；　and　put　on　board　their　wives　and　children；　their　household　goods；　and　even　the　images　of　their　gods；　with　all　the　votive　offerings　from　the　fanes　except　the　paintings　and　the　works　in　stone　or　brass；　which　were　left　behind。　With　the　rest　they　embarked；　and　putting　to　sea；　set　sail　for　Chios。　The　Persians；　on　their　return；　took　possession　of　an　empty　town。　　　　　Arrived　at　Chios；　the　Phocaeans　made　offers　for　the　purchase　of　the　islands　called　the　Oenussae；　but　the　Chians　refused　to　part　with　them；　fearing　lest　the　Phocaeans　should　establish　a　factory　there；　and　exclude　their　merchants　from　the　commerce　of　those　seas。　On　their　refusal；　the　Phocaeans；　as　Arganthonius　was　now　dead；　made　up　their　minds　to　sail　to　Cyrnus　（Corsica）；　where；　twenty　years　before；　following　the　direction　of　an　oracle；　they　had　founded　a　city；　which　was　called　Alalia。　Before　they　set　out；　however；　on　this　voyage；　they　sailed　once　more　to　Phocaea；　and　surprising　the　Persian　troops　appointed　by　Harpagus　to　garrison　town；　put　them　all　to　the　sword。　After　this　laid　the　heaviest　curses　on　the　man　who　should　draw　back　and　forsake　the　armament；　and　having　dropped　a　heavy　mass　of　iron　into　the　sea；　swore　never　to　return　to　Phocaea　till　that　mass　reappeared　upon　the　surface。　Nevertheless；　as　they　were　preparing　to　depart　for　Cyrnus；　more　than　half　of　their　number　were　seized　with　such　sadness　and　so　great　a　longing　to　see　once　more　their　city　and　their　ancient　homes；　that　they　broke　the　oath　by　which　they　had　bound　themselves　and　sailed　back　to　Phocaea。　　　　　The　rest　of　the　Phocaeans　who　kept　their　oath；　proceeded　without　stopping　upon　their　voyage；　and　when　they　came　to　Cyrnus　established　themselves　along　with　the　earlier　settlers　at　Alalia　and　built　temples　in　the　place。　For　five　years　they　annoyed　their　neighbours　by　plundering　and　pillaging　on　all　sides；　until　at　length　the　Carthaginians　and　Tyrrhenians　leagued　against　them；　and　sent　each　a　fleet　of　sixty　ships　to　attack　the　town。　The　Phocaeans；　on　their　part；　manned　all　their　vessels；　sixty　in　number；　and　met　their　enemy　on　the　Sardinian　sea。　In　the　engagement　which　followed　the　Phocaeans　were　victorious；　but　their　success　was　only　a　sort　of　Cadmeian　victory。'　They　lost　forty　ships　in　the　battle；　and　the　twenty　which　remained　came　out　of　the　engagement　with　beaks　so　bent　and　blunted　as　to　be　no　longer　serviceable。　The　Phocaeans　therefore　sailed　back　again　to　Alalia；　and　taking　their　wives　and　children　on　board；　with　such　portion　of　their　goods　and　chattels　as　the　vessels　could　bear；　bade　adieu　to　Cyrnus　and　sailed　to　Rhegium。　　　　　The　Carthaginians　and　Tyrrhenians；　who　had　got　into　their　hands　many　more　than　the　Phocaeans　from　among　the　crews　of　the　forty　vessels　that　were　destroyed；　landed　their　captives　upon　the　coast　after　the　fight；　and　stoned　them　all　to　death。　Afterwards；　when　sheep；　or　oxen；　or　even　men　of　the　district　of　Agylla　passed　by　the　spot　where　the　murdered　Phocaeans　lay；　their　bodies　became　distorted；　or　they　were　seized　with　palsy；　or　they　lost　the　use　of　some　of　their　limbs。　On　this　the　people　of　Agylla　sent　to　Delphi　to　ask　the　oracle　how　they　might　expiate　their　sin。　The　answer　of　the　Pythoness　required　them　to　institute　the　custom；　which　they　still　observe；　of　honouring　the　dead　Phocaeans　with　magnificent　funeral　rites；　and　solemn　games；　both　gymnic　and　equestrian。　Such；　then；　was　the　fate　that　befell　the　Phocaean　prisoners。　The　other　Phocaeans；　who　had　fled　to　Rhegium；　became　after　a　while　the　founders　of　the　city　called　Vela；　in　the　district　of　Oenotria。　This　city　they　colonised；　upon　the　showing　of　a　man　of　Posidonia；　who　suggested　that　the　oracle　had　not　meant　to　bid　them　set　up　a　town　in　Cyrnus　the　island；　but　set　up　the　worship　of　Cyrnus　the　hero。　　　　　Thus　fared　it　with　the　men　of　the　city　of　Phocaea　in　Ionia。　They　of　Teos　did　and　suffered　almost　the　same；　for　they　too；　when　Harpagus　had　raised　his　mound　to　the　height　of　their　defences；　took　ship；　one　and　all；　and　sailing　across　the　sea　to　Thrace；　founded　there　the　city　of　Abdera。　The　site　was　one　which　Timesius　of　Clazomenae　had　previously　tried　to　colonise；　but　without　any　lasting　success；　for　he　was　expelled　by　the　Thracians。　Still　the　Teians　of　Abdera　worship　him　to　this　day　as　a　hero。　　　　　Of　all　the　Ionians　these　two　states　alone；　rather　than　submit　to　slavery；　forsook　their　fatherland。　The　others　（I　except　Miletus）　resisted　Harpagus　no　less　bravely　than　those　who　fled　their　country；　and　performed　many　feats　of　arms；　each　fighting　in　their　own　defence；　but　one　after　another　they　suffered　defeat；　the　cities　were　taken；　and　the　inhabitants　submitted；　remaining　in　their　respective　countries；　and　obeying　the　behests　of　their　new　lords。　Miletus；　as　I　have　already　mentioned；　had　made　terms　with　Cyrus；　and　so　continued　at　peace。　Thus　was　continental　Ionia　once　more　reduced　to　servitude；　and　when　the　Ionians　of　the　islands　saw　their　brethren　upon　the　mainland　subjugated；　they　also；　dreading　the　like；　gave　themselves　up　to　Cyrus。　　　　　It　was　while　the　Ionians　were　in　this　distress；　but　still；　amid　it　all；　held　their　meetings；　as　of　old；　at　the　Panionium；　that　Bias　of　Priene；　who　was　present　at　the　festival；　recommended　（as　I　am　informed）　a　project　of　the　very　highest　wisdom；　which　would；　had　it　been　embraced；　have　enabled　the　Ionians　to　become　the　happiest　and　most　flourishing　of　the　Greeks。　He　exhorted　them　〃to　join　in　one　body；　set　sail　for　Sardinia；　and　there　found　a　single　Pan…Ionic　city；　so　they　would　escape　from　slavery　and　rise　to　great　fortune；　being　masters　of　the　largest　island　in　the　world；　exercising　dominion　even　beyond　its　bounds；　whereas　if　they　stayed　in　Ionia；　he　saw　no　prospect　of　their　ever　recovering　their　lost　freedom。〃　Such　was　the　counsel　which　Bias　gave　the　Ionians　in　their　affliction。　Before　their　misfortunes　began；　Thales；　a　man　of　Miletus；　of　Phoenician　descent；　had　recommended　a　different　plan。　He　counselled　them　to　establish　a　single　seat　of　government；　and　pointed　out　Teos　as　the　fittest　place　for　it；　〃for　that；〃　he　said；　〃was　the　centre　of　Ionia。　Their　other　cities　might　still　continue　to　enjoy　their　own　laws；　just　as　if　they　were　independent　states。〃　This　also　was　good　advice。　　　　　After　conquering　the　Ionians；　Harpagus　proceeded　to　attack　the　Carians；　the　Caunians；　and　the　Lycians。　The　Ionians　and　Aeolians　were　forced　to　serve　in　his　army。　Now；　of　the　above　nations　the　Carians　are　a　race　who　came　into　the　mainland　from　the　islands。　In　ancient　times　they　were　subjects　of　king　Minos；　and　went　by　the　name　of　Leleges；　dwelling　among　the　isles；　and；　so　far　as　I　have　been　able　to　push　my　inquiries；　never　liable　to　give　tribute　to　any　man。　They　served　on　board　the　ships　of　king　Minos　whenever　he　required；　and　thus；　as　he　was　a　great　conqueror　and　prospered　in　his　wars；　the　Carians　were　in　his　day　the　most　famous　by　far　of　all　the　nations　of　the　earth。　They　likewise　were　the　inventors　of　three　things；　the　use　of　which　was　borrowed　from　them　by　the　Greeks；　they　were　the　first　to　fasten　crests　on　helmets　and　to　put　devices　on　shields；　and　they　also　invented　handles　for　shields。　In　the　earlier　times　shields　were　without　handles；　and　their　wearers　managed　them　by　the　aid　of　a　leathern　thong；　by　which　they　were　slung　round　the　neck　and　left　shoulder。　Long　after　the　time　of　Minos；　the　Carians　were　driven　from　the　islands　by　the　Ionians　and　Dorians；　and　so　settled　upon　the　mainland。　The　above　is　the　account　which　the　Cretans　give　of　the　Carians：　the　Carians　themselves　say　very　differently。　They　maintain　that　they　are　the　aboriginal　inhabitants　of　the　part　of　the　mainland　where　they　now　dwe