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While¡¡he¡¡was¡¡vainly¡¡trying¡¡to¡¡woo¡¡back¡¡the¡¡alienated¡¡South£»¡¡a¡¡significant¡¡event¡¡occurred¡¡in¡¡Washington¡£¡¡¡¡When¡¡the¡¡Senate¡¡was¡¡organized¡¡during¡¡his¡¡absence£»¡¡he¡¡was¡¡removed¡¡from¡¡the¡¡chairmanship¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Committee¡¡on¡¡Territories£»¡¡which¡¡he¡¡had¡¡held¡¡since¡¡his¡¡first¡¡election¡£¡¡¡¡This¡¡was¡¡done¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Democratic¡¡caucus¡¡and¡¡indicated¡¡a¡¡deeper¡¡resentment¡¡than¡¡he¡¡had¡¡suspected¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Puritans¡¡of¡¡Illinois¡¡had¡¡once¡¡risen¡¡in¡¡insurrection¡¡against¡¡him¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Cavaliers¡¡of¡¡the¡¡South¡¡were¡¡now¡¡sternly¡¡protesting¡¡against¡¡his¡¡easy¡¡political¡¡morals¡£

For¡¡six¡¡weeks¡¡he¡¡preserved¡¡almost¡¡complete¡¡silence¡£¡¡¡¡His¡¡situation¡¡was¡¡anomalous¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡quarrel¡¡with¡¡the¡¡Administration¡¡was¡¡implacable¡£¡¡A¡¡few¡¡months¡¡before£»¡¡the¡¡Republicans¡¡were¡¡inclined¡¡to¡¡court¡¡him£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡desperate¡¡battle¡¡with¡¡Lincoln¡¡had¡¡made¡¡it¡¡clear¡¡that¡¡his¡¡quarrel¡¡with¡¡them¡¡was¡¡on¡¡perennial¡¡questions¡¡of¡¡principle¡£¡¡¡¡Solitary¡¡and¡¡out¡¡of¡¡touch¡¡with¡¡all¡¡parties£»¡¡he¡¡was¡¡yet¡¡recognized¡¡as¡¡the¡¡chief¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Northern¡¡Democrats¡¡and¡¡a¡¡formidable¡¡candidate¡¡for¡¡the¡¡Presidency¡£

While¡¡diplomatically¡¡awaiting¡¡developments£»¡¡he¡¡was¡¡suddenly¡¡drawn¡¡into¡¡an¡¡important¡¡debate¡£¡¡¡¡On¡¡February¡¡23rd¡¡Senator¡¡Brown¡¡of¡¡Mississippi¡¡discussed¡¡with¡¡great¡¡plainness¡¡his¡¡attitude¡¡on¡¡the¡¡slavery¡¡question¡£¡¡With¡¡ill¡¡concealed¡¡contempt¡¡for¡¡men¡¡whose¡¡opinions¡¡shaped¡¡themselves¡¡to¡¡suit¡¡the¡¡demands¡¡of¡¡political¡¡strategy¡¡he¡¡said£º

¡¨I¡¡at¡¡least¡¡am¡¡no¡¡spoilsman¡£¡¡¡¡I¡¡would¡¡rather¡¡settle¡¡one¡¡sound¡¡principle¡¡in¡¡a¡¡presidential¡¡contest¡¡than¡¡secure¡¡all¡¡the¡¡patronage¡¡of¡¡all¡¡the¡¡Presidents¡¡who¡¡have¡¡ever¡¡been¡¡elected¡¡to¡¡or¡¡retired¡¡from¡¡the¡¡office¡£¡¡¡¡*¡¡*¡¡*¡¡The¡¡Constitution¡¡never¡¡gave¡¡us¡¡rights¡¡and¡¡denied¡¡us¡¡the¡¡means¡¡of¡¡protecting¡¡and¡¡defending¡¡those¡¡rights¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Supreme¡¡Court¡¡has¡¡decided¡¡that¡¡we¡¡have¡¡a¡¡right¡¡to¡¡carry¡¡our¡¡slaves¡¡into¡¡the¡¡Territories¡¡and£»¡¡necessarily£»¡¡to¡¡have¡¡them¡¡protected¡¡after¡¡we¡¡get¡¡there¡£¡¡¡¡*¡¡*¡¡*¡¡I¡¡neither¡¡want¡¡to¡¡cheat¡¡nor¡¡to¡¡be¡¡cheated¡¡in¡¡the¡¡great¡¡contest¡¡that¡¡is¡¡to¡¡come¡¡off¡¡in¡¡1860¡£¡¡¡¡*¡¡*¡¡*¡¡I¡¡think¡¡I¡¡understand¡¡the¡¡position¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Senator¡¡from¡¡Illinois¡¡and¡¡I¡¡dissent¡¡from¡¡it¡£¡¡¡¡*¡¡*¡¡*¡¡He¡¡thinks¡¡that¡¡a¡¡territorial¡¡legislature¡¡may£»¡¡by¡¡non¡­action¡¡or¡¡unfriendly¡¡action£»¡¡rightfully¡¡exclude¡¡slavery¡£¡¡¡¡I¡¡do¡¡not¡¡think¡¡so¡£¡¡¡¡*¡¡*¡¡*¡¡*¡¡The¡¡Senator¡¡from¡¡Illinois¡¡thinks¡¡the¡¡territorial¡¡legislature¡¡has¡¡the¡¡right£»¡¡by¡¡non¡­action¡¡or¡¡by¡¡unfriendly¡¡action¡¡to¡¡exclude¡¡us¡¡with¡¡our¡¡slaves¡£¡¡¡¡*¡¡*¡¡*¡¡We¡¡have¡¡a¡¡right¡¡of¡¡protection¡¡for¡¡our¡¡slave¡¡property¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Territories¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Constitution¡¡as¡¡expounded¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Supreme¡¡Court¡¡awards¡¡it¡£¡¡¡¡We¡¡demand¡¡it£»¡¡and¡¡we¡¡mean¡¡to¡¡have¡¡it¡£¡¨

Douglas¡¡at¡¡once¡¡answered¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡said¡¡that¡¡his¡¡obnoxious¡¡doctrine¡¡only¡¡meant¡¡that¡¡the¡¡territorial¡¡legislature¡¡by¡¡the¡¡exercise¡¡of¡¡the¡¡taxing¡¡power¡¡and¡¡other¡¡functions¡¡within¡¡the¡¡limits¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Constitution¡¡could¡¡adopt¡¡unfriendly¡¡legislation¡¡which¡¡would¡¡practically¡¡drive¡¡slavery¡¡out¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡real¡¡demand¡¡of¡¡the¡¡South¡¡was¡¡for¡¡a¡¡congressional¡¡slave¡¡code¡¡for¡¡the¡¡Territories¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡no¡¡Northern¡¡man£»¡¡whether¡¡Democrat¡¡or¡¡Republican£»¡¡would¡¡ever¡¡vote¡¡for¡¡such¡¡a¡¡code¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡inhabitants¡¡would¡¡protect¡¡slavery¡¡if¡¡they¡¡wanted¡¡it£»¡¡if¡¡the¡¡climate¡¡were¡¡such¡¡that¡¡they¡¡could¡¡not¡¡cultivate¡¡the¡¡soil¡¡without¡¡it¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡was¡¡a¡¡question¡¡of¡¡climate£»¡¡of¡¡production£»¡¡of¡¡self¡­interest£»¡¡and¡¡not¡¡of¡¡constitutional¡¡law¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡slave¡¡owner¡¡had¡¡no¡¡higher¡¡rights¡¡than¡¡the¡¡owner¡¡of¡¡liquor¡¡or¡¡inferior¡¡cattle£»¡¡which¡¡the¡¡territorial¡¡legislature¡¡could¡¡exclude¡£¡¡¡¡Under¡¡the¡¡doctrine¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Kansas¡­Nebraska¡¡act¡¡the¡¡Territories¡¡had¡¡the¡¡right¡¡to¡¡pass¡¡such¡¡laws¡¡as¡¡they¡¡pleased£»¡¡subject¡¡only¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Constitution¡£

If¡¡their¡¡laws¡¡conflicted¡¡with¡¡that¡¡it¡¡was¡¡the¡¡business£»¡¡not¡¡of¡¡Congress£»¡¡but¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Courts¡¡to¡¡decide¡¡their¡¡nullity¡£¡¡¡¡When¡¡Buchanan¡¡accepted¡¡the¡¡nomination¡¡in¡¡¡¡1856£»¡¡he¡¡declared¡¡that¡¡the¡¡people¡¡of¡¡a¡¡Territory£»¡¡like¡¡those¡¡of¡¡a¡¡State£»¡¡should¡¡decide¡¡for¡¡themselves¡¡whether¡¡slavery¡¡should¡¡exist¡¡within¡¡its¡¡limits¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡could¡¡not¡¡have¡¡carried¡¡half¡¡the¡¡Democratic¡¡vote¡¡in¡¡any¡¡free¡¡State¡¡if¡¡the¡¡people¡¡had¡¡not¡¡so¡¡understood¡¡him¡£¡¡¡¡¡¨I¡¡intend¡¡to¡¡use¡¡language£»¡¨¡¡he¡¡continued£»¡¡¡¨which¡¡can¡¡be¡¡repeated¡¡in¡¡Chicago¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡in¡¡New¡¡Orleans£»¡¡in¡¡Charleston¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡in¡¡Boston¡£¡¡¡¡*¡¡*¡¡*¡¡No¡¡political¡¡creed¡¡is¡¡sound¡¡or¡¡safe¡¡which¡¡cannot¡¡be¡¡proclaimed¡¡in¡¡the¡¡same¡¡sense¡¡wherever¡¡the¡¡American¡¡Flag¡¡waves¡¡over¡¡American¡¡soil¡£¡¡¡¡If¡¡the¡¡North¡¡and¡¡the¡¡South¡¡cannot¡¡come¡¡to¡¡a¡¡common¡¡ground¡¡on¡¡the¡¡slavery¡¡question¡¡the¡¡sooner¡¡we¡¡know¡¡it¡¡the¡¡better¡£¡¡¡¡*¡¡*¡¡*¡¡I¡¡tell¡¡you£»¡¡gentlemen¡¡of¡¡the¡¡South£»¡¡in¡¡all¡¡candor£»¡¡I¡¡do¡¡not¡¡believe¡¡a¡¡Democratic¡¡candidate¡¡can¡¡ever¡¡carry¡¡one¡¡Democratic¡¡State¡¡of¡¡the¡¡North¡¡on¡¡the¡¡platform¡¡that¡¡it¡¡is¡¡the¡¡duty¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Federal¡¡Government¡¡to¡¡force¡¡the¡¡people¡¡of¡¡a¡¡Territory¡¡to¡¡have¡¡slavery¡¡when¡¡they¡¡do¡¡not¡¡want¡¡it¡£¡¨

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¡¨I¡¡agree¡¡with¡¡my¡¡colleague£»¡¨¡¡he¡¡continued£»¡¡¡¨that¡¡we¡¡are¡¡not£»¡¡with¡¡our¡¡eyes¡¡open£»¡¡to¡¡be¡¡cheated£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡we¡¡have¡¡no¡¡more¡¡respect¡¡for¡¡that¡¡man¡¡who¡¡seeks¡¡to¡¡evade¡¡the¡¡performance¡¡of¡¡a¡¡constitutional¡¡duty¡¡than¡¡for¡¡one¡¡who¡¡openly¡¡wars¡¡upon¡¡constitutional¡¡rights¡£¡¨

Mason£»¡¡of¡¡Virginia£»¡¡insisted¡¡that¡¡the¡¡Constitution¡¡construed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Supreme¡¡Court¡¡denied¡¡Congress¡¡the¡¡power¡¡to¡¡exclude¡¡slavery¡¡form¡¡a¡¡Territory¡£¡¡¡¡Douglas¡¡admitted¡¡that¡¡the¡¡legislature¡¡derived¡¡all¡¡its¡¡power¡¡from¡¡Congress¡£¡¡¡¡Hence£»¡¡he¡¡must¡¡admit¡¡that¡¡it¡¡had¡¡no¡¡power¡¡to¡¡interfere¡¡with¡¡slavery¡£

Green£»¡¡of¡¡Missouri£»¡¡the¡¡new¡¡chairman¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Committee¡¡on¡¡Territories£»¡¡next¡¡attacked¡¡him¡£¡¡¡¡Slaves£»¡¡he¡¡declared£»¡¡were¡¡property£»¡¡as¡¡decided¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Supreme¡¡Court¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Territories¡¡of¡¡Kansas¡¡and¡¡Nebraska¡¡could¡¡not£»¡¡by¡¡either¡¡direct¡¡or¡¡indirect¡¡legislation£»¡¡prohibit¡¡or¡¡abolish¡¡slavery£»¡¡and¡¡if¡¡they¡¡should¡¡undertake¡¡to¡¡do¡¡either¡¡it¡¡would¡¡be¡¡the¡¡duty¡¡of¡¡Congress¡¡to¡¡interpose¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡legislature¡¡had¡¡no¡¡more¡¡power£»¡¡by¡¡direct¡¡or¡¡indirect¡¡means¡¡to¡¡prohibit¡¡the¡¡introduction¡¡of¡¡slaves¡¡than¡¡the¡¡introduction¡¡of¡¡horses¡¡or¡¡mules£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡was¡¡a¡¡dishonest¡¡subterfuge¡¡to¡¡say¡¡that¡¡it¡¡could¡¡be¡¡done¡£

¡¨What¡¡is¡¡meant¡¡by¡¡unfriendly¡¡legislation£¿¡¡¡¡I¡¡had¡¡thought¡¡that¡¡rights¡¡of¡¡person¡¡and¡¡property¡¡were¡¡beyond¡¡the¡¡power¡¡of¡¡legislation¡£¡¡¡¡*¡¡*¡¡*¡¡There¡¡never¡¡was¡¡a¡¡legislative¡¡body¡¡in¡¡existence¡¡on¡¡the¡¡face¡¡of¡¡the¡¡globe¡¡that¡¡could¡¡justly¡¡take¡¡any¡¡right¡¡of¡¡person¡¡or¡¡property¡¡from¡¡a¡¡citizen¡¡without¡¡rendering¡¡a¡¡just¡¡compensation¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡He¡¡reminded¡¡the¡¡Senators¡¡that¡¡in¡¡1857¡¡Douglas¡¡had¡¡urged¡¡the¡¡interposition¡¡of¡¡Congress¡¡in¡¡Utah¡¡affairs£»¡¡even¡¡to¡¡the¡¡extent¡¡of¡¡repealing¡¡the¡¡organic¡¡act£»¡¡thus¡¡recognizing¡¡that¡¡Territories¡¡were¡¡mere¡¡dependencies¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Federal¡¡Government¡£¡¡¡¡Why¡¡this¡¡tenderness¡¡about¡¡Kansas£¿¡¡¡¡A¡¡Territory¡¡had¡¡no¡¡power¡¡except¡¡what¡¡was¡¡conferred¡¡by¡¡Congress¡£¡¡Douglas¡¡said¡¡that¡¡all¡¡legislative¡¡power¡¡not¡¡inconsistent¡¡with¡¡the¡¡Constitution£»¡¡was¡¡conferred¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡if¡¡the¡¡power¡¡to¡¡destroy¡¡any¡¡kind¡¡of¡¡property¡¡was¡¡conferred£»¡¡it¡¡would¡¡be¡¡consistent¡¡with¡¡the¡¡Constitution¡¡and¡¡the¡¡grant¡¡would¡¡be¡¡void¡£¡¡¡¡If¡¡all¡¡power¡¡not¡¡inconsistent¡¡with¡¡the¡¡Constitution¡¡was¡¡conferred¡¡by¡¡the¡¡organic¡¡act£»¡¡then¡¡the¡¡power¡¡to¡¡call¡¡the¡¡Lecompton¡¡Convention¡¡and¡¡draft¡¡a¡¡Constitution¡¡was¡¡conferred¡£¡¡¡¨All¡¡the¡¡power¡¡the¡¡Territory¡¡has¡¡is¡¡derived¡¡from¡¡Congress¡¡and¡¡can¡¡be¡¡resumed¡¡at¡¡pleasure¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡creature¡¡can¡¡never¡¡be¡¡equal¡¡to¡¡its¡¡creator¡£¡¨

Douglas¡¡said£»¡¡that¡¡if¡¡the¡¡people¡¡of¡¡a¡¡Territory¡¡wanted¡¡slavery¡¡they¡¡would¡¡protect¡¡it¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡suppose¡¡the¡¡majority¡¡did¡¡not¡¡want¡¡it£¿¡¡¡¡The¡¡Constitution¡¡still¡¡declared¡¡slaves¡¡to¡¡be¡¡property¡¡and¡¡forbade¡¡the¡¡majority¡¡to¡¡take¡¡away¡¡the¡¡property¡¡in¡¡a¡¡slave¡¡from¡¡a¡¡single¡¡individual¡£¡¡¡¡If¡¡they¡¡had¡¡no¡¡right¡¡to¡¡take¡¡it¡¡away£»¡¡what¡¡right¡¡had¡¡they¡¡by¡¡unfriendly¡¡legislation¡¡to¡¡render¡¡it¡¡valueless£¿¡¡¡¡If¡¡a¡¡Territory¡¡persistently¡¡attempted¡¡to¡¡destroy¡¡a¡¡species¡¡of¡¡property¡¡protected¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Constitution£»¡¡ought¡¡not¡¡Congress¡¡to¡¡intervene¡¡for¡¡the¡¡protection¡¡of¡¡the¡¡citizens£¿

Douglas¡¡replied¡¡to¡¡these¡¡deadly¡¡attacks¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡reminded¡¡them¡¡that¡¡when¡¡they¡¡repealed¡¡the¡¡Missouri¡¡Compromise¡¡they¡¡had¡¡agreed¡¡to¡¡leave¡¡all¡¡these¡¡questions¡¡to¡¡the¡¡people¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Territories¡¡and¡¡the¡¡decision¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Supreme¡¡Court¡£¡¡¡¡This¡¡was¡¡the¡¡true¡¡Democratic¡¡doctrine¡£¡¡¡¡Davis¡¡and¡¡Mason¡¡had¡¡both¡¡said¡¡that¡¡no¡¡man¡¡holding¡¡his¡¡views¡¡could¡¡receive¡¡the¡¡support¡¡of¡¡the¡¡South¡¡for¡¡the¡¡Presidency¡£¡¡¡¡Yet¡¡this¡¡was¡¡the¡¡doctrine¡¡of¡¡Cass¡¡when¡¡candidate¡¡for¡¡President£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡South¡¡gave¡¡him¡¡their¡¡votes¡£¡¡¡¡When¡¡did¡¡this¡¡change¡¡of¡¡creed¡¡occur£¿

Davis¡¡answered¡¡briefly£»¡¡regretting¡¡that¡¡Douglas¡¡had¡¡not¡¡denied¡¡or¡¡explained¡¡any¡¡of¡¡his¡¡Illinois¡¡speeches£»¡¡and¡¡said¡¡he¡¡was¡¡now¡¡satisfied¡¡that¡¡he¡¡was¡¡as¡¡full¡¡of¡¡heresy¡¡as¡¡he¡¡once¡¡was¡¡of¡¡the¡¡true¡¡theory¡¡of¡¡popular¡¡sovereignty¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡declared¡¡that¡¡this¡¡doctrine¡¡was¡¡¡¨offensive¡¡to¡¡every¡¡idea¡¡of¡¡conservatism¡¡and¡¡sound¡¡government£»¡¡a¡¡thing¡¡offensive¡¡to¡¡every¡¡idea¡¡of¡¡the¡¡supremacy¡¡of¡¡the¡¡laws¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States£»¡¨¡¡and¡¡announced¡¡plainly¡¡that¡¡the

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