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There¡¡were¡¡reasons¡¡to¡¡suspect¡¡that¡¡this¡¡was¡¡so¡¡contrived¡¡by¡¡the¡¡baker£»¡¡with¡¡a¡¡design¡¡to¡¡get¡¡the¡¡number¡¡of¡¡loaves¡¡he¡¡was¡¡obliged¡¡to¡¡deliver¡¡for¡¡each¡¡100¡¡lbs¡£¡¡of¡¡meal¡¡lessened£»but¡¡in¡¡this¡¡attempt¡¡he¡¡did¡¡not¡¡succeed¡£

Quantity¡¡of¡¡Fuel¡¡consumed¡¡in¡¡these¡¡Experiments¡£

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Total¡¡consumption¡¡of¡¡wood¡¡in¡¡the¡¡six¡¡experiments£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡880¡¡lbs¡£

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As¡¡in¡¡these¡¡experiments¡¡2393¡¡lbs¡£¡¡¡¡13¡¡loths¡¡of¡¡bread¡¡were¡¡baked¡¡with¡¡the¡¡heat¡¡generated¡¡in¡¡the¡¡combustion¡¡of¡¡880¡¡lbs¡£¡¡of¡¡wood£»¡¡this¡¡gives¡¡to¡¡each¡¡pound¡¡of¡¡bread¡¡11¡¡1/3¡¡loths£»¡¡or¡¡34/96¡¡of¡¡a¡¡pound£»¡¡of¡¡wood¡£

In¡¡the¡¡fifth¡¡experiment£»¡¡or¡¡batch£»¡¡186¡¡loaves¡¡weighing¡¡£¨at¡¡2¡¡lbs¡£¡¡5¡¡1/2¡¡loths¡¡each£©¡¡304¡¡lbs¡£¡¡were¡¡baked£»¡¡and¡¡only¡¡80¡¡lbs¡£¡¡of¡¡wood¡¡consumed£»¡¡which¡¡gives¡¡but¡¡a¡¡trifle¡¡more¡¡than¡¡1/4¡¡of¡¡a¡¡pound¡¡of¡¡wood¡¡to¡¡each¡¡pound¡¡of¡¡bread£»¡¡or¡¡1¡¡pound¡¡of¡¡wood¡¡to¡¡4¡¡pounds¡¡of¡¡bread¡£

As¡¡each¡¡loaf¡¡weighed¡¡2¡¡lbs¡£¡¡¡¡16¡¡loths¡¡when¡¡it¡¡was¡¡put¡¡into¡¡the¡¡oven£»¡¡and¡¡only¡¡2¡¡lbs¡£¡¡5¡¡1/2¡¡loths¡¡when¡¡it¡¡came¡¡out¡¡of¡¡it£»¡¡the¡¡loss¡¡of¡¡weight¡¡each¡¡loaf¡¡sustained¡¡in¡¡being¡¡baked¡¡was¡¡10¡¡1/2¡¡loths£»¡¡as¡¡has¡¡already¡¡been¡¡observed¡£¡¡¡¡Now¡¡this¡¡loss¡¡of¡¡weight¡¡could¡¡only¡¡arise¡¡from¡¡the¡¡evaporation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡superabundant¡¡water¡¡existing¡¡in¡¡the¡¡dough£»¡¡and¡¡as¡¡it¡¡is¡¡known¡¡how¡¡much¡¡heat£»¡¡and¡¡consequently¡¡HOW¡¡MUCH¡¡FUEL¡¡is¡¡required¡¡to¡¡reduce¡¡any¡¡given¡¡quantity¡¡of¡¡water£»¡¡at¡¡any¡¡given¡¡temperature£»¡¡to¡¡steam£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡possible£»¡¡from¡¡these¡¡data£»¡¡to¡¡determine¡¡how¡¡much¡¡fuel¡¡would¡¡be¡¡required¡¡to¡¡bake¡¡any¡¡given¡¡quantity¡¡of¡¡bread£»¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡supposition¡¡that¡¡NO¡¡PART¡¡OF¡¡THE¡¡HEAT¡¡GENERATED¡¡IN¡¡THE¡¡COMBUSTION¡¡OF¡¡THE¡¡FUEL¡¡WAS¡¡LOST£»¡¡either¡¡in¡¡heating¡¡the¡¡apparatus£»¡¡or¡¡in¡¡any¡¡other¡¡way£»¡¡but¡¡that¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡of¡¡it¡¡was¡¡employed¡¡in¡¡baking¡¡the¡¡bread£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡that¡¡process¡¡alone¡£¡¡And¡¡though¡¡these¡¡computations¡¡will¡¡not¡¡show¡¡how¡¡the¡¡heat¡¡which¡¡is¡¡lost¡¡might¡¡be¡¡saved£»¡¡yet£»¡¡as¡¡they¡¡ascertain¡¡what¡¡the¡¡amount¡¡of¡¡this¡¡loss¡¡really¡¡is¡¡in¡¡any¡¡given¡¡case£»¡¡they¡¡enable¡¡us¡¡to¡¡determine£»¡¡with¡¡a¡¡considerable¡¡degree¡¡of¡¡precision£»¡¡not¡¡only¡¡the¡¡relative¡¡merit¡¡of¡¡different¡¡arrangements¡¡for¡¡economizing¡¡fuel¡¡in¡¡the¡¡process¡¡of¡¡baking£»¡¡but¡¡they¡¡show¡¡also£»¡¡at¡¡the¡¡sane¡¡time£»¡¡the¡¡precise¡¡distance¡¡of¡¡each¡¡from¡¡that¡¡point¡¡of¡¡perfection£»¡¡where¡¡any¡¡farther¡¡improvements¡¡would¡¡be¡¡impossible£º¡¡And¡¡on¡¡that¡¡account£»¡¡these¡¡computations¡¡are¡¡certainly¡¡interesting¡£

In¡¡computing¡¡how¡¡much¡¡heat¡¡is¡¡NECESSARY¡¡to¡¡bake¡¡any¡¡given¡¡quantity¡¡of¡¡bread£»¡¡it¡¡will¡¡tend¡¡much¡¡to¡¡simplify¡¡the¡¡investigation£»¡¡if¡¡we¡¡consider¡¡the¡¡loaf¡¡as¡¡being¡¡first¡¡heated¡¡to¡¡the¡¡temperature¡¡of¡¡boiling¡¡water£»¡¡and¡¡then¡¡baked¡¡in¡¡consequence¡¡of¡¡its¡¡redundant¡¡water¡¡being¡¡sent¡¡off¡¡from¡¡it¡¡in¡¡steam¡£

But¡¡as¡¡the¡¡dough¡¡is¡¡composed¡¡of¡¡two¡¡different¡¡substances£»¡¡viz¡£¡¡rye¡¡meal¡¡and¡¡water£»¡¡and¡¡as¡¡these¡¡substances¡¡have¡¡been¡¡found¡¡by¡¡experiment¡¡to¡¡contain¡¡different¡¡quantities¡¡of¡¡absolute¡¡heat£»¡¡or£»¡¡in¡¡other¡¡words£»¡¡to¡¡require¡¡different¡¡quantities¡¡of¡¡heat£»¡¡to¡¡heat¡¡equal¡¡quantities¡¡or¡¡weights¡¡of¡¡them¡¡to¡¡any¡¡given¡¡temperature£»¡¡or¡¡any¡¡given¡¡number¡¡of¡¡degrees£»¡¡it¡¡will¡¡be¡¡necessary¡¡to¡¡determine¡¡how¡¡much¡¡of¡¡each¡¡of¡¡the¡¡ingredients¡¡is¡¡employed¡¡in¡¡forming¡¡any¡¡given¡¡quantity¡¡of¡¡dough¡£

Now£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡foregoing¡¡experiments£»¡¡as¡¡1102¡¡loaves¡¡of¡¡bread¡¡were¡¡formed¡¡of¡¡1736¡¡lbs¡£¡¡of¡¡rye¡¡meal£»¡¡it¡¡appears£»¡¡that¡¡there¡¡must¡¡have¡¡been¡¡1¡£47¡¡lb¡£¡¡of¡¡the¡¡meal¡¡in¡¡each¡¡loaf£»¡¡and¡¡as¡¡these¡¡loaves¡¡weighed¡¡2¡¡1/2¡¡lbs¡£¡¡each¡¡when¡¡they¡¡were¡¡put¡¡into¡¡the¡¡oven£»¡¡each¡¡of¡¡them¡¡must£»¡¡in¡¡a¡¡state¡¡of¡¡dough£»¡¡have¡¡been¡¡composed¡¡of¡¡1¡£47¡¡lb¡£¡¡of¡¡rye¡¡meal£»¡¡and¡¡1¡£03¡¡lb¡£¡¡of¡¡water¡£

Supposing¡¡these¡¡loaves¡¡to¡¡have¡¡been¡¡at¡¡the¡¡temperature¡¡of¡¡55¡¡degrees¡¡of¡¡Fahrenheit's¡¡Thermometer¡¡when¡¡they¡¡were¡¡put¡¡into¡¡the¡¡oven£»¡¡the¡¡heat¡¡necessary¡¡to¡¡heat¡¡one¡¡of¡¡them¡¡to¡¡the¡¡temperature¡¡of¡¡212¡¡degrees£»¡¡or¡¡the¡¡point¡¡of¡¡boiling¡¡water£»¡¡may¡¡be¡¡thus¡¡computed¡£

By¡¡an¡¡experiment£»¡¡of¡¡which¡¡I¡¡intend¡¡hereafter¡¡to¡¡give¡¡an¡¡account¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Public£»¡¡I¡¡found£»¡¡that¡¡20¡¡lbs¡£¡¡of¡¡ice¡­cold¡¡water¡¡might¡¡be¡¡made¡¡to¡¡boil£»¡¡with¡¡the¡¡heat¡¡generated¡¡in¡¡the¡¡combustion¡¡of¡¡1¡¡lb¡£¡¡of¡¡dry¡¡pine¡­wood£»¡¡such¡¡as¡¡was¡¡used¡¡in¡¡baking¡¡the¡¡bread¡¡in¡¡the¡¡six¡¡experiments¡¡before¡¡mentioned¡£¡¡Now£»¡¡if¡¡20¡¡lbs¡£¡¡of¡¡water¡¡may¡¡be¡¡heated¡¡180¡¡degrees£»¡¡£¨namely¡¡from¡¡32¡¡to¡¡212¡¡degrees£»£©¡¡by¡¡the¡¡heat¡¡generated¡¡in¡¡the¡¡combustion¡¡of¡¡1¡¡lb¡£¡¡of¡¡wood£»¡¡1¡£03¡¡lb¡£¡¡of¡¡water¡¡may¡¡be¡¡heated¡¡157¡¡degrees£»¡¡£¨from¡¡55¡¡degrees£»¡¡or¡¡temperate£»¡¡to¡¡212¡¡degrees£»£©¡¡with¡¡0¡£4436¡¡of¡¡a¡¡pound¡¡of¡¡the¡¡wood¡£

Suppose¡¡now¡¡that¡¡rye¡¡meal¡¡contained¡¡the¡¡same¡¡quantity¡¡of¡¡absolute¡¡heat¡¡as¡¡water£»as¡¡the¡¡quantity¡¡of¡¡meal¡¡in¡¡each¡¡loaf£»¡¡was¡¡1¡£47¡¡lb¡££»¡¡it¡¡appears£»¡¡that¡¡this¡¡quantity¡¡would¡¡have¡¡required£»¡¡£¨upon¡¡the¡¡above¡¡supposition£»£©¡¡to¡¡heat¡¡it¡¡from¡¡the¡¡temperature¡¡of¡¡55¡¡degrees£»¡¡to¡¡that¡¡of¡¡212¡¡degrees£»¡¡a¡¡quantity¡¡of¡¡heat¡¡equal¡¡to¡¡that¡¡which¡¡would¡¡be¡¡generated¡¡in¡¡the¡¡combustion¡¡of¡¡0¡£06405¡¡of¡¡a¡¡pound¡¡of¡¡the¡¡wood¡¡in¡¡question¡£

But¡¡it¡¡appears£»¡¡by¡¡the¡¡result¡¡of¡¡experiments¡¡¡¡published¡¡by¡¡Dr¡£¡¡Crawford£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡quantities¡¡of¡¡heat¡¡required¡¡to¡¡heat¡¡any¡¡number¡¡of¡¡degrees£»¡¡the¡¡same¡¡given¡¡quantity¡¡£¨in¡¡weight£©¡¡of¡¡water¡¡and¡¡of¡¡wheat£»¡¡£¨and¡¡it¡¡is¡¡presumed£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡specific¡¡or¡¡absolute¡¡heat¡¡of¡¡rye¡¡cannot¡¡be¡¡very¡¡different¡¡from¡¡that¡¡of¡¡wheat£»£©¡¡are¡¡to¡¡each¡¡other£»¡¡as¡¡2¡£9¡¡to¡¡1£»water¡¡requiring¡¡more¡¡heat¡¡to¡¡it£»¡¡than¡¡the¡¡grain¡¡in¡¡that¡¡proportion£º¡¡Consequently£»¡¡the¡¡quantity¡¡of¡¡wood¡¡required¡¡to¡¡heat¡¡from¡¡55¡¡to¡¡212¡¡degrees£»¡¡the¡¡1¡£47¡¡lb¡£¡¡of¡¡rye¡¡meal¡¡which¡¡entered¡¡into¡¡the¡¡composition¡¡of¡¡each¡¡loaf£»¡¡instead¡¡of¡¡being¡¡¡£06405¡¡of¡¡a¡¡pound£»¡¡as¡¡above¡¡determined£»¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡false¡¡supposition¡¡that¡¡the¡¡specific¡¡heat¡¡of¡¡water¡¡and¡¡that¡¡of¡¡rye¡¡were¡¡the¡¡same£»¡¡would£»¡¡in¡¡fact£»¡¡amount¡¡to¡¡no¡¡more¡¡than¡¡0¡£02899£»¡¡for¡¡2¡£9¡¡£¨the¡¡specific¡¡heat¡¡of¡¡water£©¡¡is¡¡to¡¡1¡¡£¨the¡¡specific¡¡heat¡¡of¡¡rye£©£»¡¡as¡¡0¡£06405¡¡is¡¡to¡¡0¡£02899¡£

Hence¡¡it¡¡appears£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡wood¡¡required¡¡as¡¡fuel¡¡to¡¡heat¡¡£¨from¡¡the¡¡temperature¡¡of¡¡55¡¡degrees¡¡to¡¡that¡¡of¡¡212¡¡degrees£©¡¡a¡¡loaf¡¡of¡¡rye¡¡bread¡¡£¨in¡¡the¡¡state¡¡of¡¡dough£©£»¡¡weighing¡¡2¡¡1/2¡¡lbs¡££»¡¡would¡¡be¡¡as¡¡follows£»¡¡namely£º

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Of¡¡pine¡­wood£»¡¡To¡¡heat¡¡1¡£03¡¡lb¡£¡¡of¡¡water£»¡¡which¡¡enters¡¡into¡¡the¡¡composition¡¡of¡¡the¡¡dough£»¡¡¡£¡£¡¡¡¡0¡£04436

To¡¡heat¡¡the¡¡rye¡¡meal£»¡¡1¡£47¡¡lb¡¡in¡¡weight£»¡¡¡¡¡£¡£¡¡¡¡0¡£02899¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Total£»¡¡¡¡¡¡0¡£07335¡¡lb¡£

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Now¡¡it¡¡appears£»¡¡from¡¡the¡¡result¡¡of¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Watt's¡¡ingenious¡¡experiments¡¡on¡¡the¡¡quantity¡¡of¡¡latent¡¡heat¡¡in¡¡steam£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡quantity¡¡of¡¡heat¡¡necessary¡¡to¡¡change¡¡any¡¡given¡¡quantity¡¡of¡¡water¡¡ALREADY¡¡BOILING¡¡HOT¡¡to¡¡steam£»¡¡is¡¡about¡¡five¡¡times¡¡and¡¡a¡¡half¡¡greater¡¡than¡¡would¡¡be¡¡sufficient¡¡to¡¡heat¡¡the¡¡same¡¡quantity¡¡of¡¡water£»¡¡from¡¡the¡¡temperature¡¡of¡¡freezing£»¡¡to¡¡that¡¡of¡¡boiling¡¡water¡£

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And¡¡if¡¡20¡¡lbs¡£¡¡of¡¡boiling¡¡water¡¡require¡¡5¡¡1/2¡¡lbs¡£¡¡of¡¡wood£»¡¡21/64¡¡of¡¡a¡¡pound¡¡of¡¡water¡¡boiling¡¡hot¡¡will¡¡require¡¡0¡£09023¡¡of¡¡a¡¡pound¡¡of¡¡wood¡¡to¡¡reduce¡¡it¡¡to¡¡steam¡£

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