essays-1-第61节
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； when the establishment for the relief of the poor in that city was formed。
No。 III An account of the receipts and expenditures of the institution for the poor at Munich during five years。
No。 IV Certificate relative to the expence of fuel in the public kitchen of the military workhouse at Munich。
No。 V Printed form for the descriptions of the poor。
No。 VI Printed form for spin…tickets； such as are used at the military workhouse at Munich。
No。 VII An Account of experiments made at the bakehouse of the military workhouse at Munich； November the 4th and 5th； 1794。
No。 VIII Account of the persons in the house of industry in Dublin the 30th of April 1796； and of the details of the manner and expence of feeding them。
No。 IX An account of an experiment made （under the direction of the author；） in the kitchen of the house of industry at Dublin； in cooking for the poor。
ESSAY V。
A short Account of the MILITARY ACADEMY at MUNICH。
Though it is certain that too much learning is rather disadvantageous than otherwise to the lower classes of the people；that the introduction of a spirit of philosophical investigation；literary amusement；and metaphysical speculation among those who are destined by fortune to gain their livelihood by the sweat of their brow； rather tends to make them discontented and unhappy； than to contribute any thing to their real comfort and enjoyments； yet there appears； now and then； a native genius in the most humble stations； which it would be a pity not to be able to call forth into activity。 It was principally with a view to bring forward such extraordinary talents； and to employ them usefully in the public service； that the Military Academy at Munich was instituted。 This Academy； which consists of 180 eleves or pupils； is divided into three classes。 The first class； which is designed for the education of orphans and other children of the poorer class of Military Officers； and those employed in the Civil Departments of the State； consists of thirty pupils； who are received gratis； from the age of eleven to thirteen years； and who remain in the Academy for years。 The second class； which is designed to assist the poorer nobility； and less opulent among the merchants； citizens； and servants of government； in giving their sons a good general education； consists of sixty pupils； who are received from the age of eleven to fifteen years； and who pay to the Academy twelve florins a month； for which sum they are fed； clothed； and instructed。 The third class； consisting of ninety pupils； from the age of fifteen to twenty years； who are all admitted gratis； is designed to bring forward such youths among the lower classes of the people as show evident signs of UNCOMMON TALENTS and genius； joined to a sound constitution of body； and a good moral character。
All Commanding Officers of regiments； and Public Officers in Civil departments； and all Civil Magistrates； are authorised and INVITED to recommend subjects for this class of the Academy； and they are not confined in their choice to any particular ranks of society； but they are allowed to recommend persons of the lowest extraction； and most obscure origin。 Private soldiers； and the children of soldiers； and even the children of the meanest mechanics and day…labourers； are admissible； provided they possess the necessary requisites； namely； VERY EXTRAORDINARY NATURAL GENIUS； a healthy constitution； and a good character； but if the subject recommended should be found wanting in any of these requisite qualifications； he would not only be refused admittance into the Academy； but the person who recommended him would be very severely reprimanded。
The greatest severity is necessary upon these occasions； otherwise it would be impossible to prevent abuses。 An establishment； designed for the encouragement of genius； and for calling forth into public utility talents which would otherwise remain buried and lost in obscurity； would soon become a job for providing for relations and dependants。
One circumstance； relative to the internal arrangement of this Academy； may； perhaps； be though not unworthy of being particularly mentioned； and that is the very moderate expence at which the institution is maintained。 By a calculation； founded upon the experience of four years； I find that the whole Academy； consisting of 180 pupils； with professors and masters of every kind； servants； clothing； board； lodging； fire…wood； light； repairs； and every other article； house…rent alone excepted； amounts to no more than 28；000 florins a…year； which is no more than 155 florins； or about fourteen pounds sterling a…year for each pupil； a small sum indeed； considering the manner in which they are kept； and the education they receive。
Though this Academy is called a Military Academy； it is by no means confined to the education of those who are destined for the army； but it is rather an establishment of general education； where the youth are instructed in every science； and taught every bodily exercise； and personal accomplishment； which constitute a liberal education； and which fits them equally for the station of a private gentleman；for the study of any of the learned professions；or for any employment； civil or military； under the government。
As this institution is principally designed as a nursery for genius；as a gymnasium for the formation of men；for the formation of REAL MEN； possessed of strength and character； as well as talents and accomplishments； and capable of rendering essential service to the state； at all public examinations of the pupils； the heads of all the pupil departments are invited to be present； in order to witness the progress of the pupils； and to mark those who discover talents peculiarly useful in any particular departments or public employment。
How far the influence of this establishment may extend； time must discover。 It has existed only six years； but even in that short period； we have had several instances of very uncommon talents having been called forth into public view； from the most obscure situations。 I only wish that the institution may be allowed to subsist。
An Account of the Means used to improve the BREED of HORSE； and HORNED CATTLE； in BAVARIA and the PALATINATE。
Through many parts of the Elector's dominions are well adapted for the breeding of fine horses； and great numbers of horses are actually bred＇1＇； yet no great attention had for many years been paid to the improvement of the breed； and most of the horses of distinction； such as were used by the nobility as saddle…horses and coach…horses； were imported from Holstein and Mecklenburg。
Being engaged in the arrangement of a new military system for the country； it occurred to me that； in providing horses for the use of the army； and particularly for the train of artillery； such measures might be adopted as would tend much to improve the breed of horses throughout the country； and my proposals meeting with the approbation of his Most Serene Electoral Highness； the plan was carried into execution in the following manner：
A number of fine mares were purchased with money take from the military chest； and being marked with an M （the initial of
Militaria）； in a circle； upon the left hip； with a hot iron； they were given to such of the peasants； owning or leasing farms proper for breeding good horses； as applied for them。 The conditions upon which these brood mares were given away were as follows：
They were； in the first place； given away gratis； and the person who received one of these mares is allowed to consider her as his own property； and use her in any kind of work he thinks proper； he is； however； obliged not only to keep her； and not to sell her； or give her away； but he is also under obligations to keep her as a brood mare； and to have her regularly covered every season； by a stallion pointed out to him by the commissioners； who are put at the head of this establishment。 If she dies； he must replace her with another brood mare； which must be approved by the commissioners； and then marked。If one of these mares should be found not to bring good colts； or to have any blemish； or essential fault or imperfection； she may be changed for another。
The stallions which are provided for these mares； and which are under the care of the commissioners； are provided gratis； and the foals are the sole property of those who keep the mares； and they may sell them； or dispose of them； when and where； and in any way they may think proper； in the same manner as they dispose of any other foal； brought by any other mare。
In case the army should be obliged to take the field； AND IN NO OTHER CASE WHATEVER； those who are in possession of these mares are obliged either to return them； or to furnish； for the use of the army； another horse fit for the service of the artillery。
The advantages of this arrangement to the army are obvious。 In the case of an emergency； horses are always at hand； and these horses being bought in time of peace cost much less than it would be necessary to pay for them； were they to be purchased in a hurry upon the breaking out of a war； upon which occasions they are always dear； and sometimes not to be had for m
