essays-1-第28节
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endicity will be effectually prevented； and at the same time the Poor's rates； or the expense to the public for the support of the Poor； very considerably lessened。
These assurances； which will be the strongest inducements that can be used to prevail on the inhabitants of all descriptions to enter warmly into the scheme； and assist with alacrity in carrying it into execution； should be expressed in the strongest terms； and all persons of every denomination； young and old； and of both sexes； （paupers only excepted；） should be invited to put down their names in the subscription lists； and this even； HOWEVER SMALL THE SUMS MAY BE WHICH THEY ARE ABLE TO CONTRIBUTE。 Although the sums which day…labourers； servants； and other in indigent circumstances may be able to contribute； may be very trifling； yet there is one important reason why they ought always to be engaged to put down their names upon the lists as subscribers； and that is the goods effects which their taking an active part in the undertaking will probably produce ON THEMSELVES。Nothing tends more to mend the heart； and awaken in the mind a regard for character； than acts of charity and benevolence； and any person who has once felt that honest pride and satisfaction which result from a consciousness of having been instrumental in doing good by relieving the wants of the Poor； will be rendered doubly careful to avoid the humiliation of becoming himself an object of public charity。
It was a consideration of these salutary effects； which may always be expected to be produced upon the minds of those who take an active and VOLUNTARY part in the measures adopted for the relief of the Poor； that made me prefer voluntary subscriptions； to taxes； in raising the sums necessary for the support of the Poor； and all the experience I have had in these matters has tended to confirm me in the opinion I have always had of their superior utility；Not only day…labourers and domestic servants； but their young children； and all the children of the nobility and other inhabitants of Munich； and even the non…commissioned officers and private soldiers of the regiments in garrison in that city； were invited to contribute to the support of the institution for the Poor； and there are very few indeed of any age or condition （paupers only excepted） whose names are not to be found on the lists of subscribers。
The subscriptions at Munich are by families； as has elsewhere been observed； and this method I would recommend in the case under consideration； and in all others。The head of the family takes the trouble to collect all the sums subscribed upon his family list； and to pay them into the hands of those who （on the part of the institution） are sent round on the first Sunday morning of every month to receive them； but the names of all the individuals who compose the family are entered on the list at full length； with the sum each contributes。
Two lists of the same tenor must be made out for each family； one of which must be kept by the head of the family for his information and direction； and the other sent in to those who have the general direction of the Establishment。
These subscription…lists should be printed； and they should be carried round and left with the heads of families； either by the person himself who undertakes to form the Establishment； （which will always be best；） or at least by his steward； or some other person of some consequence belonging to his household。 Forms or models for these lists may be seen in the Appendix。
When these lists are returned； the person who has undertaken to form the Establishment will see what pecuniary assistance he is to expect； and he will either arrange his plan； or determine the sum he may think proper to contribute himself； according to that amount。He will likewise consider how far it will be possible and ADVISABLE to connect his scheme with any Establishment for the relief of the Poor already existing； or to act in concert with those in whose hands the management of the Poor is vested by the laws。These circumstances are all important； and the manner of proceeding in carrying the proposed scheme into execution must； in a great measure； be determined by them。 Nothing； however； can prevent the undertaking from being finally successful； provided the means used for making it so are adopted with caution； and pursued with perseverance。
However adverse those may be to the scheme who； were they well disposed； could most effectually contribute to its successyet no opposition which can be given to it by INTERESTED PERSONS； such as find means to derive profit to themselves in the administration of the affairs of the Poor；no opposition； I say； from such persons； （and none surely but these can ever be desirous of opposing it；） can prevent the success of a measure so evidently calculated to increase the comforts and enjoyments of the Poor； and to promote the general good of society。
If the overseers of the Poor； and other parish officers； and a large majority of the principal inhabitants； could be made to enter warmly into the scheme； it might； and certainly would； in many cases； be possible； even without any new laws or acts of parliament being necessary to authorize the undertaking； to substitute the arrangements proposed in the place of the old method of providing for the Poor；abolishing entirely； or in so far as it should be found necessary；the old system； and carrying the scheme proposed into execution as a GENERAL MEASURE。
In all cases where this can be effected； it ought certainly to be preferred to any private or less general institution； and individuals； who； by their exertions； are instrumental in bringing about so useful a change； will render a very essential service to society：But even in cases where it would not be possible to carry the scheme proposed into execution in its fullest extent； much good may be done by individuals in affluent circumstances to the Poor； by forming PRIVATE ESTABLISHMENTS for feeding them and giving them employment。
Much relief may likewise be afforded them by laying in a large stock of fuel； purchased when it is cheap； and retailing it out to them in small quantities； in times of scarcity； at the prime cost。
It is hardly to be believed how much the Poor of Munich have been benefited by the Establishment of the Wood…magazine； from whence they are furnished in winter； during the severe frosts； with fire…wood at the price it costs when purchased in summer； in large quantities； and at the cheapest rate。 And this arrangement may easily be adopted in all countries； and by private individuals as well as by communities。 Stores may likewise be laid in of potatoes； peas； beans； and other articles of food； to be distributed to the Poor in like manner； in small quantities； and at low prices； which will be a great relief to them in times of scarcity。 It will hardly be necessary for me to observe； that in administering this kind of relief to the Poor it will often be necessary to take precautions to prevent abuses。
Another way in which private individuals may greatly assist the Poor； is； by showing them how they may make themselves more comfortable in their dwellings。 Nothing is more perfectly miserable and comfortless than the domestic arrangement of poor families in general； they seem to have no idea whatever of order or economy in any thing； and every thing about them is dreary； sad； and neglected； in the extreme。 A little attention to order and arrangement would contribute greatly to their comfort and conveniences； and also to economy。 They ought in particular to be shown how to keep their habitations warm in winter； and to economise fuel； as well in heating their rooms； as in cooking； washing； etc。
It is not to be believed what the waste of fuel really is； in the various processes in which it is employed in the economy of human life； and in no case is this waste greater than in the domestic management of the Poor。 Their fire…places are in general constructed upon the most wretched principles； and the fuel they consume in them； instead of heating their rooms； not unfrequently renders them really colder； and more uncomfortable； by causing strong currents of cold air to flow in from all the doors and windows to the chimney。 This imperfection of their fire…places may be effectually remedied；these currents of cold air prevented；above half their fuel saved；and their dwellings made infinitely more comfortable； merely by diminishing their fire…places； and the throats of their chimnies just above the mantle…piece； which may be done as a very every trifling expence； with a few bricks； or stones； and a little mortar； by the most ordinary bricklayer。 And with regard to the expence of fuel for cooking； so simple a contrivance as an earthen pot； broad at top； for receiving a stew…pan； or kettle； and narrow at bottom； with holes through its sides near the bottom； for letting in air under a small circular iron grate； and other small holes near the top for letting out the smoke； may be introduced with great advantage。 By making use of this little portable furnace； （which is equally well adapted to burn wood； or coals。）one eighth part of the fuel will be sufficient for cooking； which would be required were the kettle to be bo
