the city of domes-第1节

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The　City　of　Domes


A　Walk　with　an　Architect　About　the　Courts　and　Palaces　of　the　Panama
Pacific　International　ExposItion　with　a　Discussion　of　Its　Architecture　…
Its　Sculpture　…　Its　Mural　Decorations　Its　Coloring　…　And　Its　Lighting　…
Preceded　by　a　History　of　Its　Growth




by　John　D。　Barry




To　the　architects；　the　artists　and　the　artisans　and　to　the　men　of
affairs　who　sustained　them　in　the　cooperative　work　that　created　an
exposition　of　surpassing　beauty；　unique　among　the　expositions　of　the
world。




Contents



Chapter

　　　　　　　　Preface
　　　　　　　　Introduction
　　　　　I。　The　View　from　the　Hill
　　　　II。　The　Approach
　　　III。　In　the　South　Gardens
　　　　IV。　Under　the　Tower　of　Jewels
　　　　　V。　The　Court　of　the　Universe
　　　　VI。　On　the　Marina
　　　VII。　Toward　the　Court　of　the　Four　Seasons
　　VIII。　The　Court　of　the　Four　Seasons
　　　　IX。　The　Palace　of　Fine　Arts　from　across　the　Lagoon
　　　　　X。　The　Palace　of　Fine　Arts　at　Close　Range
　　　　XI。　At　the　Palace　of　Horticulture
　　　XII。　The　Half　Courts
　　XIII。　Near　Festival　Hall
　　　XIV。　The　Palace　of　Machinery
　　　　XV。　The　Court　of　the　Ages
　　　XVI。　The　Brangwyns
　　XVII。　Watching　the　Lights　Change
XVIII。　The　Illuminating　and　the　Reflections
　　　　　　　　Features　that　Ought　to　he　Noted　by　Day
　　　　　　　　Features　that　Ought　to　be　Noted　by　Night
　　　　　　　　Index








Preface



In　the　main；　this　volume　consists　of　articles　originally　published　in　the　San　Francisco　BULLETIN。　It　includes　material　gathered　from　many　visits　to　the　Exposition　grounds　and　from　many　talks　with　men　concerned　in　the　organization　and　the　building　and　ornamentation。　The　brief　history　that　forms　the　Introduction　gives　an　account　of　the　development。　For　me；　as；　I　presume；　for　most　people；　the　thing　done；　no　matter　how　interesting　it　may　he；　is　never　so　interesting　as　the　doing　of　the　thing；　the　play　of　the　forces　behind。　Even　in　the　talk　with　the　architect；　where　the　finished　Exposition　itself　is　discussed；　I　have　tried　to　keep　in　mind　those　forces；　and　wherever　I　could　to　indicate　their　play。

The　dialogue　form　I　have　used　for　several　reasons：　it　is　easy　to　follow；　it　gives　scope　for　more　than　one　kind　of　opinion；　and　it　deals　with　the　subject　as　we　all　do；　when　with　one　friend　or　more　than　one　we　visit　the　Exposition　grounds。　It　has　been　my　good　fortune　to　he　able　to　see　the　Exposition　from　points　of　view　very　different　from　my　own　and　much　better　informed　and　equipped。　I　am　glad　to　pass　on　the　advantage。

The　Exposition　is　generally　acknowledged　to　be　an　achievement　unprecedented。　Merely　to　write　about　it　and　to　try　to　convey　a　sense　of　its　quality　is　a　privilege。　I　have　valued　it　all　the　more　because　I　know　that　many　people；　not　trained　in　matters　of　architecture　and　art；　are　striving　to　relate　themselves　to　the　expression　here；　to　understand　it　and　to　feel　it　in　all　its　hearings。　If；　at　times；　directly　or　in　indirectly；　I　have　been　critical；　the　reason　is　that　I　wished；　in　so　far　as　I　could；　to　persuade　visitors　not　to　swallow　the　Exposition　whole；　but　to　think　about　it　for　themselves；　and　to　bear　in　mind　that　the　men　behind　it；　those　of　today　and　those　of　days　remote；　were　human　beings　exactly　like　themselves；　and　to　draw　from　it　all　they　could　in　the　way　of　genuine　benefit。

Though　the　volume　is　mainly　devoted　to　the　artistic　features　associated　with　the　courts　and　the　main　palaces；　I　have　included；　among　the　illustrations；　pictures　of　the　California　Building；　both　because　of　its　close　relation　to　California　and　because　it　is　in　itself　magnificent；　and　of　two　notable　art　features；　the　mural　painting　by　Bianca　in　the　Italian　Building；　and　〃The　Thinker〃；　by　Rodin；　in　the　court　of　the　French　Pavilion。





Introduction



The　First　Steps



In　January；　1904；　R。　B。　Hale　of　San　Francisco　wrote　to　his　fellow…directors　of　the　Merchants'　Association；　that；　in　1915；　San　Francisco　ought　to　hold　an　exposition　to　celebrate　the　opening　of　the　Panama　Canal。　In　the　financing　of　the　St。　Louis　Exposition；　soon　to　begin；　Mr。　Hale　found　a　model　for　his　plan。　Five　million　dollars　should　be　raised　by　popular　subscription；　five　million　dollars　should　be　asked　from　the　State；　and　five　million　dollars　should　be　provided　by　city　bonds。

The　idea　was　promptly　endorsed　by　the　business　associations。

　From　their　chairmen　was　formed　a　board　of　governors。　It　was　decided　that　the　exposition　should　be　held；　and　formal　notification　was　given　to　the　world　by　introducing　into　Congress　a　bill　that　provided　for　an　appropriation　of　five　million　dollars。　The　bill　was　not　acted　on；　and　it　was　allowed　to　die　at　the　end　of　the　session。

Soon　after　formulating　the　plan　for　the　exposition　Mr。　Hale　changed　　the　date　from；　1915　to　1913；　to　make　it　coincide　with　the　four　hundredth　anniversary　of　the　discovery　by　Balboa　of　the　Pacific。

In　1906　came　the　earthquake　and　fire。　The　next　few　years　San　Franciscans　were　busy　clearing　away　the　debris　and　rebuilding。　It　was　predicted　that　the　city　might　recover　in　ten　years；　and　might　not　recover　in　less　than　twenty…five　years。

Nevertheless；　in　December；　1906；　within　nine　months　of　the　disaster；　a　meeting　was　held　in　the　shack　that　served　for　the　St。　Francis　Hotel；　and　the　Pacific　Ocean　Exposition　Company　was　incorporated。

In　three　years　　the　city　recovered　sufficiently　to　hold　a　week's　festival；　the　Portola；　and　to　make　it　a　success。

Two　days　afterward；　in　October；　1909；　Mr。　Hale　gave　a　dinner　to　a　small　group　of　business　men；　and　told　of　what　had　been　done　toward　preparing　for　the　Exposition。　They　agreed　to　help。

Shortly　afterward　a　meeting　was　held　at　the　Merchants'　Exchange。　It　was　decided　that　an　effort　should　at　once　be　made　to　raise　the　money　and　to　rouse　the　people　of　San　Francisco　to　the　importance　of　the　project　of　holding　the　Panama…Pacific　International　Exposition　in　San　Francisco　in　1915。

As　many　as　twenty…five　hundred　letters　were　sent　to　business　men；　asking　if　they　favored　the　idea　of　holding　an　exposition。　Out　of　about　eight　hundred　replies　only　seven　were　opposed。　Presently　there　were　signs　of　enthusiasm；　reflected　in　the　newspapers。

A　committee　of　six　representative　business　men　was　appointed　and　the　announcement　was　made　that　the　committee　should　be　glad　to　hear　from　anyone　in　the　city　who　had　suggestions　or　grievances。　It　was　determined　that　every　San　Franciscan　should　have　his　day　in　court。

Later　the　committee　of　six　appointed　a　foundation　committee　of　two　hundred；　representing　a　wide　variety　of　interests。

The　committee　of　two　hundred　chose　a　committee　of　three　from　outside　their　number。

The　committee　of　three　chose　from　among　the　two　hundred　a　directorate　of　thirty。　The　thirty　became　the　directorate　of　a　new　corporation；　made　in　1910；　the　Panama…Pacific　International　Exposition　Company。



Financing



The　Panama…Pacific　Company　two　local　millionaires；　W。　H。　Crocker　and　W。　B。　Bourn；　started　financially　with　twenty…five　thousand　dollars　each。　They　established　the　maximum　individual　subscription。　They　also　secured　forty　subscriptions　of　twenty…five　thousand　dollars　each。　Then　followed　the　call　for　a　mass　meeting。　Before　the　meeting　was　held　the　business　men　of　the　city　were　thoroughly　canvassed。　The　Southern　Pacific　and　the　Union　Pacific　together　subscribed　two　hundred　and　fifty　thousand　dollars。　There　were　many　other　large　subscriptions　from　public…service　organizations。

On　the　afternoon　of　the　meeting　there　was　a　crowd　in　the　Merchants'　Exchange　Board　Room。　The　announcement　of　the　subscriptions　created　enthusiasm。　In　two　hours　the　amount　ran　up　to　more　than　four　million　dollars。　During　the　next　few　years　they　were　increased　to　about　6；500；000。

Meanwhile；　the　State　voted　a　tax　levy　of　five　million　dollars；　and　San　Francisco　voted　a　bond　and　issue　of　the　same　amount；　and　by　an　act　of　the　Legislature；　in　special　session；　the　counties　were　authorized　to　levy　a　small　tax　for　county　Participation；　amounting；　in　estimate；　to　about　three　million　dollars。



Recognition　From　Congress



Next　came　the　task　of　securing　from　Congress　official　recognition　of　San　Francisco　as　the　site　of　the　International　Exposition　in　celebration　of　the　Panama　Canal。

Headquarters　were　established　in　Washington。　Presently　serious　opposition　developed。　Emissaries　went　from　San　Francisco　to　Washington　singly　and　in　delegations。　Stress　was　laid　on　San　Francisco's　purpose　not　to　ask　for　an　appropriation　from　the　national　government。　There　were　several　cities　in　competition　…　Boston；　Washington；　Baltimore　and　New　Orleans。　New　Orleans　proved　the　most　formidable　rival。　It　relied　on　the　strength　of　of　a　united　Democracy　and　of　the　solid　South。

In　the　hearings　before　the　Congressional　Committee　it　was　made　plain　that　the　decision　would　go　to　the　city　with　the　best　financial　showing。　As　soon　as　the　decision　was　announced　New　Orleans　entered　into　generous　cooperation　with　San　Francisco。

The　Exposition　was　on　the　way。



Naming　the　President。



The　offer　of　the　presidency　of　the　Exposition　Company　was　made　to　a　well…known　business　man　of　San　Francisco；　C。　C。　Moore。　Besides　being　able　and　energetic；　he　was　agreeable　to　the　factions　created　by　the　graft　prosecution　of　a　half　dozen　years　before。　Like　the　board　of　directors