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 Hassell; Michael P。 The Dynamics of petition and Predation。 Institute of Biology; Studies in Biology No。 72; London: Edward Arnold; 1976。
 Hassell; Michael P。; and H。 Charles J。 Godfray。 〃The Population Biology of Insect Parasitoids;〃 in Crawley; Natural Enemies; 1992。
 Holland; John H。 Hidden Order: How Adaptation Builds plexity。 Cambridge; Mass。: Perseus; 1996。
 Koza; John R。 〃Artificial Life: Spontaneous Emergence of Self…Replicating and Evolutionary Self…Improving puter Programs;〃 in Langton; ed。; Artificial Life III。
 Kelly; Kevin。 Out of Control。 Cambridge; Mass。: Perseus; 1994。
 Kennedy; James; and Russell C。 Eberhart。 Swarm Intelligence。 San Diego: Academic Press; 2001。
 Kohler; Timothy A。; and George J。 Gumerman。 Dynamics in Human and Primate Societies: Agent…Based Modeling of Social and Spatial Processes。 New York: Oxford Univ。 Press; 2000。
 Kortenkamp; David; R。 Peter Bonasso; and Robin Murphy。 Artificial Intelligence and Mobile Robots。 Cambridge; Mass。: MIT Press; 1998。
 Krummenacker; Markus; and James Lewis; eds。 Prospects in Nanotechnology: Toward Molecular Manufacturing。 New York: Wiley & Sons; 1995。
 Kruuk; Hans。 The Spotted Hyena: A Study of Predation and Social Behavior。 Chicago: Univ。 Chicago Press; 1972。
 Langton; Christopher G。; ed。 Artificial Life。 Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of plexity; Proc。 Vol。 VI。 Reading; Mass。: Addison…Wesley; 1989。
 Langton; Christopher G。; Charles Taylor; J。 Doyne Farmer; and Steen Rasmussen; eds。 Artificial Life II。 Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of plexity; Proc。 Vol。 X。 Redwood City; Calif。: Addison…Wesley; 1992。
 Langton; Christopher G。; ed。 Artificial Life III。 Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of plexity; Proc。 Vol。 XVII。 Reading; Mass。: Addison…Wesley; 1994。
 Levy; Steven。 Artificial Life。 New York: Pantheon; 1992。
 Lyshevski; Sergey Edward。 Nano… and Microelectromechanical Systems: Fundamentals of Nano… and Microengineering。 New York: CRC Press; 2001。
 Millonas; Mark M。;〃Swarms; Phase Transitions; and Collective Intelligence;〃 in Langton; ed。; Artificial Life III。
 Mitchell; Melanie。 An Introduction to Genetic Algorithms。 Cambridge; Mass。: MIT Press; 1996。
 Nishimura; Shin I。 〃Studying Attention Dynamics of a Predator in a Prey…Predator System;〃 in Bedau et al。; Artificial Life VII。
 Nishimura; Shin I。; and Takashi Ikegami。 〃Emergence of Collective Strategies in a Prey…Predator Game Model。〃 Artificial Life; V。 3; no。 4; 1997; p。 423 ff。
 Nolfi; Stefano。 〃Coevolving Predator and Prey Robots: Do 'Arms Races' Arise in Artificial Evolution?〃 Artificial Life; Fall 98; V。 4; 1998; p。 311 ff。
 Nolfi; Stefano; and Dario Floreano。 Evolutionary Robotics: The Biology; Intelligence; and Technology of Self…Organizing Machines。 Cambridge; Mass。: MIT Press; 2000。
 Reggia; James A。; Reiner Schulz; Gerald S。 Wilkinson; and Juan Uriagereka。 〃Conditions Enabling the Evolution of Inter…Agent Signaling in an Artificial World。〃 Artificial Life; V。 7; 2001; p。 3。
 Reynolds; Craig R。 〃An Evolved; Vision…Based Model of Obstacle Avoidance Behavior〃 in Langton; ed。; Artificial Life III。
 Schelling; Thomas C。 Micromotives and Macrobehavior。 New York: Norton; 1978。
 Solem; Johndale C。 〃The Motility of Microrobots;〃 in Langton; et al。; Artificial Life III。
 Wooldridge; Michael。 Reasoning About Rational Agents。 Cambridge; Mass。: MIT Press; 2000。
 Yaeger; Larry。 〃putational Genetics; Physiology; Metabolism; Neural Systems; Learning; Vision; and Behavior or PolyWorld: Life in a New Context;〃 in Langton; ed。; Artificial Life III。
  
  
 THE END。
1 This uncertainty is characteristic of all plex systems; including man…made systems。 After the U。S。 stock market dropped 22 percent in one day in October 1987; new rules were implemented to prevent such precipitate declines。 But there was no way to know in advance whether the rules would increase stability; or make things worse。 According to John L。 Casti; 〃Imposition of the rules was simply a calculated risk on the part of the governors of the Exchange。〃 See Casti's very readable Would…be Worlds; New York: Wiley; 1997; p。 80 ff。
2 The only animals for which self…awareness has been convincingly demonstrated are human beings; chimpanzees; and orangutans。 Contrary to widespread belief; claims for other animals such as dolphins and monkeys have not been unambiguously proven。
3 Jackson; R。 J。; A。 J。 Ramsay; C。 D。 Christensen; S。 Beaton; D。 F。 Hall; and I。 A。 Ramshaw。 2001。 〃Expression of Mouse Interleukin…4 by a Rebinant Ectromelia Virus Suppresses Cytolytic Lymphocyte Responses and Overes Genetic Resistance to Mousepox。〃 Journal of Virology 75: 1205…1210。
4 Feynman; R。 P。; 〃There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom。〃 Eng。 and Sci。 23 (1960); p。 22。
5 Farmer; J。 Doyne; and Alletta d'A。 Belin; 〃Artificial Life: The ing Evolution〃 in Artificial Life II; edited by C。 G。 Langton; C。 Taylor; J。 D。 Farmer; and S。 Rasmussen。 Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of plexity; Proc。 Vol。 X; Redwood City; Calif。: Addison…Wesley; 1992; p。 815。
6 K。 Eric Drexler; 〃Introduction to Nanotechnology;〃 in Prospects in Nanotechnology: Toward Molecular Manufacturing (Proceedings of the First General Conference on Nanotechnology: Development; Applications and Opportunities); edited by Markus Krummenacker and James Lewis; New York: Wiley & Sons; 1995; p。 21。
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