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¡¡¡¡¡¡Introductory¡¡Note


¡¡¡¡¡¡Johann¡¡Wolfgang¡¡von¡¡Goethe£»¡¡the¡¡greatest¡¡of¡¡German¡¡men¡¡of¡¡letters£»¡¡was
¡¡¡¡¡¡born¡¡at¡¡Frankfort¡­on¡­the¡­Main£»¡¡August¡¡28£»¡¡1749¡£¡¡His¡¡father¡¡was¡¡a¡¡man¡¡of
¡¡¡¡¡¡means¡¡and¡¡position£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡personally¡¡supervised¡¡the¡¡early¡¡education¡¡of¡¡his
¡¡¡¡¡¡son¡£¡¡The¡¡young¡¡Goethe¡¡studied¡¡at¡¡the¡¡universities¡¡of¡¡Leipsig¡¡and¡¡Strasburg£»
¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡in¡¡1772¡¡entered¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡practise¡¡of¡¡law¡¡at¡¡Wetzlar¡£¡¡At¡¡the¡¡invitation¡¡of
¡¡¡¡¡¡Karl¡¡August£»¡¡Duke¡¡of¡¡Saxe¡­Weimar£»¡¡he¡¡went¡¡in¡¡1775¡¡to¡¡live¡¡in¡¡Weimar£»
¡¡¡¡¡¡where¡¡he¡¡held¡¡a¡¡succession¡¡of¡¡political¡¡offices£»¡¡becoming¡¡the¡¡Duke's¡¡chief
¡¡¡¡¡¡adviser¡£¡¡From¡¡1786¡¡to¡¡1788¡¡he¡¡traveled¡¡in¡¡Italy£»¡¡and¡¡from¡¡1791¡¡to¡¡1817
¡¡¡¡¡¡directed¡¡the¡¡ducal¡¡theater¡¡at¡¡Weimar¡£¡¡He¡¡took¡¡part¡¡in¡¡the¡¡wars¡¡against
¡¡¡¡¡¡France£»¡¡1792¡­3£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡the¡¡following¡¡year¡¡began¡¡his¡¡friendship¡¡with¡¡Schiller£»
¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡lasted¡¡till¡¡the¡¡latter's¡¡death¡¡in¡¡1805¡£¡¡In¡¡1806¡¡he¡¡married¡¡Christiane
¡¡¡¡¡¡Vulpius¡£¡¡From¡¡about¡¡1794¡¡he¡¡devoted¡¡himself¡¡chiefly¡¡to¡¡literature£»¡¡and¡¡after¡¡a
¡¡¡¡¡¡life¡¡of¡¡extraordinary¡¡productiveness¡¡died¡¡at¡¡Weimar£»¡¡March¡¡22£»¡¡1832¡£¡¡The
¡¡¡¡¡¡most¡¡important¡¡of¡¡Goethe's¡¡works¡¡produced¡¡before¡¡he¡¡went¡¡to¡¡Weimar¡¡were
¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡tragedy¡¡¡¨Gotz¡¡von¡¡Berlichingen¡¨¡¡£¨1773£©£»¡¡which¡¡first¡¡brought¡¡him¡¡fame£»¡¡and
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨The¡¡Sorrows¡¡of¡¡Young¡¡Werther£»¡¨¡¡a¡¡novel¡¡which¡¡obtained¡¡enormous
¡¡¡¡¡¡popularity¡¡during¡¡the¡¡so¡¡called¡¡¡¨Sturm¡¡und¡¡Drang¡¨¡¡period¡£¡¡During¡¡the¡¡years¡¡at
¡¡¡¡¡¡Weimar¡¡before¡¡he¡¡knew¡¡Schiller¡¡he¡¡began¡¡¡¨Wilhelm¡¡Meister£»¡¨¡¡wrote¡¡the
¡¡¡¡¡¡dramas£»¡¡¡¨Iphigenie£»¡¨¡¡¡¨Egmont£»¡¨¡¡and¡¡¡¨Torquato¡¡Tasso£»¡¨¡¡and¡¡his¡¡¡¨Reinecke
¡¡¡¡¡¡Fuchs¡£¡¨¡¡To¡¡the¡¡period¡¡of¡¡his¡¡friendship¡¡with¡¡Schiller¡¡belong¡¡the¡¡continuation¡¡of
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨Wilhelm¡¡Meister£»¡¨¡¡the¡¡beautiful¡¡idyl¡¡of¡¡¡¨Hermann¡¡and¡¡Dorothea£»¡¨¡¡and¡¡the
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨Roman¡¡Elegies¡£¡¨¡¡In¡¡the¡¡last¡¡period£»¡¡between¡¡Schiller's¡¡death¡¡in¡¡1805¡¡and¡¡his
¡¡¡¡¡¡own£»¡¡appeared¡¡¡¨Faust£»¡¨¡¡¡¨Elective¡¡Affinities£»¡¨¡¡his¡¡autobiographical¡¡¡¨Dichtung
¡¡¡¡¡¡und¡¡Wahrheit¡¨¡¡£¨¡¨Poetry¡¡and¡¡Truth¡¨£©£»¡¡his¡¡¡¨Italian¡¡Journey£»¡¨¡¡much¡¡scientific
¡¡¡¡¡¡work£»¡¡and¡¡a¡¡series¡¡of¡¡treatises¡¡on¡¡German¡¡Art¡£

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¡¡¡¡¡¡Goethe's¡¡best¡¡known¡¡writings£»¡¡it¡¡suffices¡¡to¡¡show¡¡the¡¡extraordinary¡¡fertility¡¡and
¡¡¡¡¡¡versatility¡¡of¡¡his¡¡genius¡£¡¡Rarely¡¡has¡¡a¡¡man¡¡of¡¡letters¡¡had¡¡so¡¡full¡¡and¡¡varied¡¡a¡¡life£»
¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡been¡¡capable¡¡of¡¡so¡¡many¡­sided¡¡a¡¡development¡£¡¡His¡¡political¡¡and¡¡scientific
¡¡¡¡¡¡activities£»¡¡though¡¡dwarfed¡¡in¡¡the¡¡eyes¡¡of¡¡our¡¡generation¡¡by¡¡his¡¡artistic
¡¡¡¡¡¡production£»¡¡yet¡¡showed¡¡the¡¡adaptability¡¡of¡¡his¡¡talent¡¡in¡¡the¡¡most¡¡diverse
¡¡¡¡¡¡directions£»¡¡and¡¡helped¡¡to¡¡give¡¡him¡¡that¡¡balance¡¡of¡¡temper¡¡and¡¡breadth¡¡of
¡¡¡¡¡¡vision¡¡in¡¡which¡¡he¡¡has¡¡been¡¡surpassed¡¡by¡¡no¡¡genius¡¡of¡¡the¡¡ancient¡¡or¡¡modern
¡¡¡¡¡¡world¡£

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¡¡¡¡¡¡without¡¡doubt¡¡to¡¡be¡¡found¡¡in¡¡his¡¡drama¡¡of¡¡¡¨Faust¡¨£»¡¡but¡¡before¡¡dealing¡¡with
¡¡¡¡¡¡Goethe's¡¡masterpiece£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡worth¡¡while¡¡to¡¡say¡¡something¡¡of¡¡the¡¡history¡¡of¡¡the
¡¡¡¡¡¡story¡¡on¡¡which¡¡it¡¡is¡¡founded¡¡¡­¡¡the¡¡most¡¡famous¡¡instance¡¡of¡¡the¡¡old¡¡and
¡¡¡¡¡¡widespread¡¡legend¡¡of¡¡the¡¡man¡¡who¡¡sold¡¡his¡¡soul¡¡to¡¡the¡¡devil¡£¡¡The¡¡historical
¡¡¡¡¡¡Dr¡£¡¡Faust¡¡seems¡¡to¡¡have¡¡been¡¡a¡¡self¡­called¡¡philosopher¡¡who¡¡traveled¡¡about
¡¡¡¡¡¡Germany¡¡in¡¡the¡¡first¡¡half¡¡of¡¡the¡¡sixteenth¡¡century£»¡¡making¡¡money¡¡by¡¡the
¡¡¡¡¡¡practise¡¡of¡¡magic£»¡¡fortune¡­telling£»¡¡and¡¡pretended¡¡cures¡£¡¡He¡¡died¡¡mysteriously
¡¡¡¡¡¡about¡¡1540£»¡¡and¡¡a¡¡legend¡¡soon¡¡sprang¡¡up¡¡that¡¡the¡¡devil£»¡¡by¡¡whose¡¡aid¡¡he
¡¡¡¡¡¡wrought¡¡his¡¡wonders£»¡¡had¡¡finally¡¡carried¡¡him¡¡off¡£¡¡In¡¡1587¡¡a¡¡life¡¡of¡¡him
¡¡¡¡¡¡appeared£»¡¡in¡¡which¡¡are¡¡attributed¡¡to¡¡him¡¡many¡¡marvelous¡¡exploits¡¡and¡¡in
¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡he¡¡is¡¡held¡¡up¡¡as¡¡an¡¡awful¡¡warning¡¡against¡¡the¡¡excessive¡¡desire¡¡for
¡¡¡¡¡¡secular¡¡learning¡¡and¡¡admiration¡¡for¡¡antique¡¡beauty¡¡which¡¡characterized¡¡the
¡¡¡¡¡¡humanist¡¡movement¡¡of¡¡the¡¡time¡£¡¡In¡¡this¡¡aspect¡¡the¡¡Faust¡¡legend¡¡is¡¡an
¡¡¡¡¡¡expression¡¡of¡¡early¡¡popular¡¡Protestantism£»¡¡and¡¡of¡¡its¡¡antagonism¡¡to¡¡the
¡¡¡¡¡¡scientific¡¡and¡¡classical¡¡tendencies¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Renaissance¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡While¡¡a¡¡succession¡¡of¡¡Faust¡¡books¡¡were¡¡appearing¡¡in¡¡Germany£»¡¡the¡¡original
¡¡¡¡¡¡life¡¡was¡¡translated¡¡into¡¡English¡¡and¡¡dramatized¡¡by¡¡Marlowe¡£¡¡English¡¡players
¡¡¡¡¡¡brought¡¡Marlowe's¡¡work¡¡back¡¡to¡¡Germany£»¡¡where¡¡it¡¡was¡¡copied¡¡by¡¡German
¡¡¡¡¡¡actors£»¡¡degenerated¡¡into¡¡spectacular¡¡farce£»¡¡and¡¡finally¡¡into¡¡a¡¡puppet¡¡show¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡Through¡¡this¡¡puppet¡¡show¡¡Goethe¡¡made¡¡acquaintance¡¡with¡¡the¡¡legend¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡By¡¡the¡¡time¡¡that¡¡Goethe¡¡was¡¡twenty£»¡¡the¡¡Faust¡¡legend¡¡had¡¡fascinated¡¡his
¡¡¡¡¡¡imagination£»¡¡for¡¡three¡¡years¡¡before¡¡he¡¡went¡¡to¡¡Weimar¡¡he¡¡had¡¡been¡¡working
¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡scattered¡¡scenes¡¡and¡¡bits¡¡of¡¡dialogue£»¡¡and¡¡though¡¡he¡¡suspended¡¡actual
¡¡¡¡¡¡composition¡¡on¡¡it¡¡during¡¡three¡¡distinct¡¡periods£»¡¡it¡¡was¡¡always¡¡to¡¡resume£»¡¡and
¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡closed¡¡his¡¡labors¡¡upon¡¡it¡¡only¡¡with¡¡his¡¡life¡£¡¡Thus¡¡the¡¡period¡¡of¡¡time¡¡between
¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡first¡¡experiments¡¡and¡¡the¡¡final¡¡touches¡¡is¡¡more¡¡than¡¡sixty¡¡years¡£¡¡During¡¡this
¡¡¡¡¡¡period¡¡the¡¡plans¡¡for¡¡the¡¡structure¡¡and¡¡the¡¡signification¡¡of¡¡the¡¡work¡¡inevitably
¡¡¡¡¡¡underwent¡¡profound¡¡modifications£»¡¡and¡¡these¡¡have¡¡naturally¡¡affected¡¡the¡¡unity
¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡the¡¡result£»¡¡but£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡other¡¡hand£»¡¡this¡¡long¡¡companionship¡¡and¡¡persistent
¡¡¡¡¡¡recurrence¡¡to¡¡the¡¡task¡¡from¡¡youth¡¡to¡¡old¡¡age¡¡have¡¡made¡¡it¡¡in¡¡a¡¡unique¡¡way¡¡the
¡¡¡¡¡¡record¡¡of¡¡Goethe's¡¡personality¡¡in¡¡all¡¡its¡¡richness¡¡and¡¡diversity¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡drama¡¡was¡¡given¡¡to¡¡the¡¡public¡¡first¡¡as¡¡a¡¡fragment¡¡in¡¡1790£»¡¡then¡¡the
¡¡¡¡¡¡completed¡¡First¡¡Part¡¡appeared¡¡in¡¡1808£»¡¡and¡¡finally¡¡the¡¡Second¡¡Part¡¡was
¡¡¡¡¡¡published¡¡in¡¡1833£»¡¡the¡¡year¡¡after¡¡the¡¡author's¡¡death¡£¡¡Writing¡¡in¡¡¡¨Dichtung¡¡und
¡¡¡¡¡¡Wahrheit¡¨¡¡of¡¡the¡¡period¡¡about¡¡1770£»¡¡when¡¡he¡¡was¡¡in¡¡Strasburg¡¡with¡¡Herder£»
¡¡¡¡¡¡Goethe¡¡says£»¡¡¡¨The¡¡significant¡¡puppet¡¡¡­¡¡play¡¡legend¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡echoed¡¡and¡¡buzzed¡¡in
¡¡¡¡¡¡many¡¡tones¡¡within¡¡me¡£¡¡I¡¡too¡¡had¡¡drifted¡¡about¡¡in¡¡all¡¡knowledge£»¡¡and¡¡early
¡¡¡¡¡¡enough¡¡had¡¡been¡¡brought¡¡to¡¡feel¡¡the¡¡vanity¡¡of¡¡it¡£¡¡I¡¡too¡¡had¡¡made¡¡all¡¡sorts¡¡of
¡¡¡¡¡¡experiments¡¡in¡¡life£»¡¡and¡¡had¡¡always¡¡come¡¡back¡¡more¡¡unsatisfied¡¡and¡¡more
¡¡¡¡¡¡tormented¡£¡¡I¡¡was¡¡now¡¡carrying¡¡these¡¡things£»¡¡like¡¡many¡¡others£»¡¡about¡¡with¡¡me
¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡delighting¡¡myself¡¡with¡¡them¡¡in¡¡lonely¡¡hours£»¡¡but¡¡without¡¡writing¡¡anything
¡¡¡¡¡¡down¡£¡¨¡¡Without¡¡going¡¡into¡¡the¡¡details¡¡of¡¡the¡¡experience¡¡which¡¡underlies¡¡these
¡¡¡¡¡¡words£»¡¡we¡¡can¡¡see¡¡the¡¡beginning¡¡of¡¡that¡¡sympathy¡¡with¡¡the¡¡hero¡¡of¡¡the¡¡old
¡¡¡¡¡¡story¡¡that¡¡was¡¡the¡¡basis¡¡of¡¡its¡¡fascination¡¡and¡¡that¡¡accounted¡¡for¡¡Goethe's
¡¡¡¡¡¡departure¡¡from¡¡the¡¡traditional¡¡catastrophe¡¡of¡¡Faust's¡¡damnation¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡Hungarian¡¡March¡¡from¡¡the¡¡¡¨Damnation¡¡of¡¡Faust¡¨Op¡£24¡¡by¡¡Hector
¡¡¡¡¡¡Berlioz£¨1803¡¡¡­¡¡1869£©¡£

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¡¡¡¡¡¡idea¡¡may¡¡be¡¡obtained¡¡from¡¡the¡¡¡¨Doctor¡¡Faustus¡¨¡¡of¡¡Marlowe£»¡¡printed¡¡in¡¡the
¡¡¡¡¡¡present¡¡volume¡£¡¡As¡¡early¡¡as¡¡1674¡¡a¡¡life¡¡of¡¡Faust¡¡had¡¡contained¡¡the¡¡incident¡¡of
¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡philosopher's¡¡falling¡¡in¡¡love¡¡with¡¡a¡¡servant¡¡¡­¡¡girl£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡developed¡¡story¡¡of
¡¡¡¡¡¡Gretchen¡¡is¡¡Goethe's¡¡own¡£¡¡The¡¡other¡¡elements¡¡added¡¡to¡¡the¡¡plot¡¡can¡¡be¡¡noted
¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡a¡¡comparison¡¡with¡¡Marlowe¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡need¡¡hardly¡¡be¡¡said¡¡that¡¡Goethe's¡¡¡¨Faust¡¨¡¡does¡¡not¡¡derive¡¡its¡¡greatness¡¡from
¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡conformity¡¡to¡¡the¡¡traditional¡¡standards¡¡of¡¡what¡¡a¡¡tragedy¡¡should¡¡be¡£¡¡He
¡¡¡¡¡¡himself¡¡was¡¡accustomed¡¡to¡¡refer¡¡to¡¡it¡¡cynically¡¡as¡¡a¡¡monstrosity£»¡¡and¡¡yet¡¡he
¡¡¡¡¡¡put¡¡himself¡¡into¡¡it¡¡as¡¡intensely¡¡as¡¡Dante¡¡put¡¡himself¡¡into¡¡¡¨The¡¡Divine¡¡Comedy¡£¡¨
¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡partial¡¡explanation¡¡of¡¡this¡¡apparent¡¡contradiction¡¡in¡¡the¡¡author's¡¡attitude¡¡is¡¡to
¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡found¡¡in¡¡what¡¡has¡¡been¡¡said¡¡of¡¡its¡¡manner¡¡of¡¡composition¡£¡¡Goethe¡¡began¡¡it
¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡his¡¡romantic¡¡youth£»¡¡and¡¡availed¡¡himself¡¡recklessly¡¡of¡¡the¡¡supernatural
¡¡¡¡¡¡elements¡¡in¡¡the¡¡legend£»¡¡with¡¡the¡¡disregard¡¡of¡¡reason¡¡and¡¡plausibility
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¡¡¡¡¡¡could¡¡now¡¡be¡¡tolerated¡¡only¡¡by¡¡being¡¡made¡¡symbolic¡£¡¡Thus¡¡he¡¡makes¡¡the
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¡¡¡¡¡¡Heaven¡£¡¨¡¡The¡¡elaboration¡¡of¡¡this¡¡symbolic¡¡element¡¡is¡¡responsible¡¡for¡¡such
¡¡¡¡¡¡scenes¡¡as¡¡the¡¡Walpurgis¡¡¡­¡¡Night¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Intermezzo¡¡scenes¡¡full¡¡of¡¡power¡¡and
¡¡¡¡¡¡infinitely¡¡suggestive£»¡¡but¡¡destructive¡¡of¡¡the¡¡unity¡¡of¡¡the¡¡play¡¡as¡¡a¡¡tragedy¡¡of
¡¡¡¡¡¡human¡¡life¡£¡¡Yet¡¡there¡¡remains¡¡in¡¡this¡¡First¡¡Part¡¡even¡¡in¡¡its¡¡final¡¡form¡¡much¡¡that
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¡¡¡¡¡¡such¡¡elements¡¡as¡¡these¡¡that¡¡have¡¡appealed¡¡to¡¡the¡¡larger¡¡reading¡¡public¡¡and¡¡that
¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡naturally¡¡been¡¡emphasized¡¡by¡¡performance¡¡on¡¡the¡¡stage£»¡¡and¡¡by¡¡virtue¡¡of
¡¡¡¡¡¡these¡¡alone¡¡¡¨Faust¡¨¡¡may¡¡rank¡¡as¡¡a¡¡great¡¡drama£»¡¡but¡¡it¡¡is¡¡the¡¡result¡¡of¡¡Goethe's
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¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡Tragedy¡¡Of¡¡Faust¡¡¡­¡¡Dedication

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