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the meditations-第44节

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up with other speculations。

Middle Comedy; something midway between the Old and New Comedy。 See Comedy; Ancient; and New Comedy。

Middle things; Book 7; XXV。  The Stoics divided all things into virtue; vice; and indifferent things; but as 〃indifferent〃 they regarded most of those things which tbe world regards as good or bad; such as wealth or poverty。  Of these; some were 〃to be desired;〃 some 〃to be rejected。〃

Muses; the nine deities who presided over various kinds of poesy; music; etc。  Their leader was Apollo; one of whose titles is Musegetes; the Leader of the Muses。

NERVES; strings。

New Comedy; the Attic Comedy of Menander and his school; which criticised not persons but manners; like a modern comic opera。 See Comedy; Ancient。

PALESTRA; wrestling school。

Pancratiast; competitor in the pancratium; a combined contest which comprised boxing and wrestling。

Parmularii; gladiators armed with a small round shield (parma)。

Pheidias; the most famous sculptor of antiquity。

Philippus; founder of the Macedonian supremacy; and father of Alexander the Great。

Phocion; an Athenian general and statesman; a noble and high…minded man; 4th century B。C。

He was called by Demosthenes; 〃the pruner of my periods。〃

He was put to death by the State in 317; on a false suspicion; and left a message for his son 〃to bear no grudge against the Athenians。〃

Pine; torment。

Plato of Athens; 429…347 B。C。 He used the dialectic method invented by his master Socrates。

He was; perhaps; as much poet as philosopher。 He is generally identified with the Theory of Ideas; that things are what they are by participation with our eternal Idea。 His 〃Commonwealth〃 was a kind of Utopia。

Platonics; followers of Plato。

Pompeii; near Mount Vesuvius; buried in the eruption of 79 A。 D。

Pompeius; C。 Pompeius Magnus; a very successful general at the end of the Roman Republic (106…48 B。C。)。

Prestidigitator; juggler。

Pythagoras of Samos; a philosopher; scientist; and moralist of the 6th century B。C。

QUADI; a tribe of S。 Germany。

M。 Aurelius carried on war against them; and part of this book was written in the field。

RICTUS; gape; jaws。

Rusticus; Q。 Junius; or Stoic philosopher; twice made consul by M。 Aurelius。

SACRARY; shrine。

Salaminius; Book 7; XXXVII。  Leon of Sala…mis。 Socrates was ordered by the Thirty Tyrants to fetch him before them; and Socrates; at his own peril; refused。

Sarmatae; a tribe dwelling in Poland。

Sceletum; skeleton。

Sceptics; a school of philosophy founded by Pyrrho (4th contury B。C。)。 He advocated 〃suspension of judgment;〃 and taught the relativity of knowledge and impossibility of proof。 The school is not unlike the Agnostic school。

Scipio; the name of two great soldiers; P。 Corn。  Scipio Africanus; conqueror of Hannibal; and P。

Corn。  Sc。  Afr。  Minor; who came into the family by adoption; who destroyed Carthage。

Secutoriani (a word coined by C。); the Sececutores; light…armed gladiators; who were pitted against others with net and trident。

Sextus of Chaeronea; a Stoic philosopher; nephew of Plutarch。

Silly; simple; common。

Sinuessa; a town in Latium。

Socrates; an Athenian philosopher (469…399 B。C。); founder of the dialectic method。  Put to death on a trumped…up charge by his countrymen。

Stint; limit (without implying niggardliness)。

Stoics; a philosophic system founded;by Zeno (4th century B。C。); and systematised by Chrysippus (3rd century B。C。)。 Their physical theory was a pantheistic materialism; their summum bonum 〃to live according to nature。〃  Their wise man needs nothing; he is sufficient to himself; virtue is good; vice bad; external things indifferent。

THEOPHRASTUS; a philosopher; pupil of Aristotle; and his successor as president of the Lyceum。  He wrote a large number of works on philosophy and natural history。 Died 287 B。C。

Thrasea; P。 Thrasea Pactus; a senator and Stoic philosopher; a noble and courageous man。

He was condemned to death by Nero。

Tiberius; 2nd Roman Emperor (14…31 AD。)。 He spent the latter part of his life at Capreae (Capri); off Naples; in luxury or debauchery; neglecting his imperial duties。

To…torn; torn to pieces。

Trajan; 13th Roman Emperor; 52…117 A。D。

VERUS; Lucius Aurelius; colleague of M。 Aurelius in the Empire。

He married Lucilla; daughter of M。 A。; and died 169 A。D。

Vespasian; 9th Roman Emperor XENOCRATES of Chalcedon; 396…314 B。C。; a philosopher; and president of the Academy。





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