early kings of norway-第7节
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g to a new generation of Haarfagrs； and so continued the curse of Sigurd's murder upon them。
Towards the end of this Hakon's reign it was that the discovery of America took place （985）。 Actual discovery； it appears； by Eric the Red； an Icelander； concerning which there has been abundant investigation and discussion in our time。 _Ginnungagap_ （Roaring Abyss） is thought to be the mouth of Behring's Straits in Baffin's Bay； _Big Helloland_； the coast from Cape Walsingham to near Newfoundland； _Little Helloland_； Newfoundland itself。 _Markland_ was Lower Canada； New Brunswick； and Nova Scotia。 Southward thence to Chesapeake Bay was called _Wine Land_ （wild grapes still grow in Rhode Island； and more luxuriantly further south）。 _White Man's Land_； called also _Great Ireland_； is supposed to mean the two Carolinas； down to the Southern Cape of Florida。 In Dahlmann's opinion； the Irish themselves might even pretend to have probably been the first discoverers of America； they had evidently got to Iceland itself before the Norse exiles found it out。 It appears to be certain that； from the end of the tenth century to the early part of the fourteenth； there was a dim knowledge of those distant shores extant in the Norse mind； and even some straggling series of visits thither by roving Norsemen； though； as only danger； difficulty； and no profit resulted； the visits ceased； and the whole matter sank into oblivion； and； but for the Icelandic talent of writing in the long winter nights； would never have been heard of by posterity at all。
CHAPTER VII。
REIGN OF OLAF TRYGGVESON。
Olaf Tryggveson （A。D。 995…1000） also makes a great figure in the _Faroer Saga_； and recounts there his early troubles； which were strange and many。 He is still reckoned a grand hero of the North； though his _vates_ now is only Snorro Sturleson of Iceland。 Tryggveson had indeed many adventures in the world。 His poor mother； Astrid； was obliged to fly； on murder of her husband by Gunhild；to fly for life； three months before he； her little Olaf； was born。 She lay concealed in reedy islands； fled through trackless forests； reached her father's with the little baby in her arms； and lay deep…hidden there； tended only by her father himself； Gunhild's pursuit being so incessant； and keen as with sleuth…hounds。 Poor Astrid had to fly again； deviously to Sweden； to Esthland （Esthonia）； to Russia。 In Esthland she was sold as a slave； quite parted from her boy；who also was sold； and again sold； but did at last fall in with a kinsman high in the Russian service； did from him find redemption and help； and so rose； in a distinguished manner； to manhood； victorious self…help； and recovery of his kingdom at last。 He even met his mother again； he as king of Norway； she as one wonderfully lifted out of darkness into new life and happiness still in store。
Grown to manhood； Tryggveson；now become acquainted with his birth； and with his； alas； hopeless claims；left Russia for the one profession open to him； that of sea…robbery； and did feats without number in that questionable line in many seas and scenes；in England latterly； and most conspicuously of all。 In one of his courses thither； after long labors in the Hebrides； Man； Wales； and down the western shores to the very Land's End and farther； he paused at the Scilly Islands for a little while。 He was told of a wonderful Christian hermit living strangely in these sea…solitudes； had the curiosity to seek him out； examine； question； and discourse with him； and； after some reflection； accepted Christian baptism from the venerable man。 In Snorro the story is involved in miracle； rumor； and fable； but the fact itself seems certain； and is very interesting； the great； wild； noble soul of fierce Olaf opening to this wonderful gospel of tidings from beyond the world； tidings which infinitely transcended all else he had ever heard or dreamt of！ It seems certain he was baptized here； date not fixable； shortly before poor heart…broken Dunstan's death； or shortly after； most English churches； monasteries especially； lying burnt； under continual visitation of the Danes。 Olaf such baptism notwithstanding； did not quit his viking profession； indeed； what other was there for him in the world as yet？
We mentioned his occasional copartneries with Svein of the Double…beard； now become King of Denmark； but the greatest of these； and the alone interesting at this time； is their joint invasion of England； and Tryggveson's exploits and fortunes there some years after that adventure of baptism in the Scilly Isles。 Svein and he 〃were above a year in England together；〃 this time： they steered up the Thames with three hundred ships and many fighters； siege； or at least furious assault； of London was their first or main enterprise； but it did not succeed。 The Saxon Chronicle gives date to it； A。D。 994； and names expressly； as Svein's co…partner； 〃Olaus； king of Norway；〃which he was as yet far from being； but in regard to the Year of Grace the Saxon Chronicle is to be held indisputable； and； indeed； has the field to itself in this matter。 Famed Olaf Tryggveson； seen visibly at the siege of London； year 994； it throws a kind of momentary light to us over that disastrous whirlpool of miseries and confusions； all dark and painful to the fancy otherwise！ This big voyage and furious siege of London is Svein Double…beard's first real attempt to fulfil that vow of his at Father Blue…tooth's 〃funeral ale；〃 and conquer England；which it is a pity he could not yet do。 Had London now fallen to him； it is pretty evident all England must have followed； and poor England； with Svein as king over it； been delivered from immeasurable woes； which had to last some two…and…twenty years farther； before this result could be arrived at。 But finding London impregnable for the moment （no ship able to get athwart the bridge； and many Danes perishing in the attempt to do it by swimming）； Svein and Olaf turned to other enterprises； all England in a manner lying open to them； turn which way they liked。 They burnt and plundered over Kent； over Hampshire； Sussex； they stormed far and wide； world lying all before them where to choose。 Wretched Ethelred； as the one invention he could fall upon； offered them Danegelt （16；000 pounds of silver this year； but it rose in other years as high as 48；000 pounds）； the desperate Ethelred； a clear method of quenching fire by pouring oil on it！ Svein and Olaf accepted； withdrew to Southampton；Olaf at least did；till the money was got ready。 Strange to think of； fierce Svein of the Double…beard； and conquest of England by him； this had at last become the one salutary result which remained for that distracted； down…trodden； now utterly chaotic and anarchic country。 A conquering Svein； followed by an ably and earnestly administrative； as well as conquering； Knut （whom Dahlmann compares to Charlemagne）； were thus by the mysterious destinies appointed the effective saviors of England。
Tryggveson； on this occasion； was a good while at Southampton； and roamed extensively about； easily victorious over everything； if resistance were attempted； but finding little or none； and acting now in a peaceable or even friendly capacity。 In the Southampton country he came in contact with the then Bishop of Winchester； afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury； excellent Elphegus； still dimly decipherable to us as a man of great natural discernment； piety； and inborn veracity； a hero…soul； probably of real brotherhood with Olaf's own。 He even made court visits to King Ethelred； one visit to him at Andover of a very serious nature。 By Elphegus； as we can discover； he was introduced into the real depths of the Christian faith。 Elphegus； with due solemnity of apparatus； in presence of the king； at Andover； baptized Olaf anew； and to him Olaf engaged that he would never plunder in England any more； which promise； too； he kept。 In fact； not long after； Svein's conquest of England being in an evidently forward state； Tryggveson （having made； withal； a great English or Irish marriage；a dowager Princess； who had voluntarily fallen in love with him；see Snorro for this fine romantic fact！） mainly resided in our island for two or three years； or else in Dublin； in the precincts of the Danish Court there in the Sister Isle。 Accordingly it was in Dublin； as above noted； that Hakon's spy found him； and from the Liffey that his squadron sailed； through the Hebrides； through the Orkneys； plundering and baptizing in their strange way； towards such success as we have seen。
Tryggveson made a stout； and； in effect； victorious and glorious struggle for himself as king。 Daily and hourly vigilant to do so； often enough by soft and even merry methods； for he was a witty； jocund man； and had a fine ringing laugh in him； and clear pregnant words ever ready；or if soft methods would not serve； then by hard and even hardest he put down a great deal of miscellaneous anarchy in Norway； was especially busy against heathenism （devil…worship and its rites）： this； indeed； may be called the focus and heart of all his royal endeavor in Norway； and of all the troubles he now had with his people there。 For this was a serious； vital； all…comprehending matter； devil…worship； a thing n
