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nister　could　raise　within　the　year；　as　I　have　seen　it　done；　a　hundred　and　twenty　millions　sterling　to　shoot　the　French；　and　we　are　stopped　short　for　want　of　the　hundredth　part　of　that　to　keep　the　English　living？　The　bodies　of　the　English　living；　and　the　souls　of　the　English　living；　these　two　'Services；'　an　Education　Service　and　an　Emigration　Service；　these　with　others；　will　have　actually　to　be　organised。

〃A　free　bridge　for　emigrants！　　Why；　we　should　then　be　on　a　par　with　America　itself；　the　most　favoured　of　all　lands　that　have　no　government；　and　we　should　have；　besides；　so　many　traditions　and　mementos　of　priceless　things　which　America　has　cast　away。　　We　could　proceed　deliberately　to　organise　labour　not　doomed　to　perish　unless　we　effected　it　within　year　and　day　every　willing　worker　that　proved　superfluous；　finding　a　bridge　ready　for　him。　　This　verily　will　have　to　be　done；　the　time　is　big　with　this。　　Our　little　Isle　is　grown　too　narrow　for　us；　but　the　world　is　wide　enough　yet　for　another　six　thousand　years。　England's　sure　markets　will　be　among　new　colonies　of　Englishmen　in　all　quarters　of　the　Globe。　　All　men　trade　with　all　men　when　mutually　convenient；　and　are　even　bound　to　do　it　by　the　Maker　of　Men。　Our　friends　of　China；　who　guiltily　refused　to　trade　in　these　circumstanceshad　we　not　to　argue　with　them；　in　cannon…shot　at　last；　and　convince　them　that　they　ought　to　trade？　　'Hostile　tariffs'　will　arise　to　shut　us　out；　and　then；　again；　will　fall；　to　let　us　in；　but　the　sons　of　Englandspeakers　of　the　English　language；　were　it　nothing　morewill　in　all　times　have　the　ineradicable　predisposition　to　trade　with　England。　　Mycale　was　the　Pan…Ionianrendezvous　of　all　the　tribes　of　Ionfor　old　Greece；　why　should　not　London　long　continue　the　All　Saxon　Home；　rendezvous　of　all　the　'Children　of　the　Harz…Rock；'　arriving；　in　select　samples；　from　the　Antipodes　and　elsewhere　by　steam　and　otherwise；　to　the　'season'　here？　　What　a　future！　　Wide　as　the　world；　if　we　have　the　heart　and　heroism　for　it；　which；　by　Heaven's　blessing；　we　shall。

　〃Keep　not　standing　fixed　and　rooted；　　Briskly　venture；　briskly　roam；　　Head　and　hand；　where'er　thou　foot　it；　　And　stout　heart　are　still　at　home。　　In　what　land　the　sun　does　visit　　Brisk　are　we；　what　e'er　betide；　　To　give　space　for　wandering　is　it　　That　the　world　was　made　so　wide。

〃Fourteen　hundred　years　ago　it　was　a　considerable　'Emigration　Service；'　never　doubt　it；　by　much　enlistment；　discussion；　and　apparatus　that　we　ourselves　arrived　in　this　remarkable　island；　and　got　into　our　present　difficulties　among　others。〃（〃Past　and　Present；〃　pages　228…230）

〃The　main　substance　of　this　immense　problem　of　organising　labour；　and　first　of　all　of　managing　the　working　classes；　will；　it　is　very　clear；　have　to　be　solved　by　those　who　stand　practically　in　the　middle　of　it；　by　those　who　themselves　work　and　preside　over　work。　　Of　all　that　can　be　enacted　by　any　Parliament　in　regard　to　it；　the　germs　must　already　lie　potentially　extant　in　those　two　classes　who　are　to　obey　such　enactment。　A　human　chaos　in　which　there　is　no　light；　you　vainly　attempt　to　irradiate　by　light　shed　on　it；　order　never　can　arise　there。〃　（〃Past　and　Present；〃　pages　231…32。）

〃Look　around　you。　　Your　world…hosts　are　all　in　mutiny；　in　confusion；　destitution；　on　the　eve　of　fiery　wreck　and　madness。　　They　will　not　march　farther　for　you；　on　the　sixpence　a　day　and　supply…and…demand　principle：　they　will　not；　nor　ought　they；　nor　can　they。　　Ye　shall　reduce　them　to　order；　begin　reducing　them　to　order；　to　just　subordination；　noble　loyalty　in　return　for　noble　guidance。　　Their　souls　are　driven　nigh　mad；　let　yours　be　sane　and　ever　saner。　　Not　as　a　bewildered　bewildering　mob；　but　as　a　firm　regimented　mass；　with　real　captains　over　them；　will　these　men　march　any　more。　　All　human　interests；　combined　human　endeavours；　and　social　growth　in　this　world　have；　at　a　certain　stage　of　their　development；　required　organising　and　work；　the　grandest　of　human　interests；　does　not　require　it。

〃God　knows　the　task　will　be　hard；　but　no　noble　task　was　ever　easy。　This　task　will　wear　away　your　lives　and　the　lives　of　your　sons　and　grandsons；　but　for　what　purpose；　if　not　for　tasks　like　this；　were　lives　given　to　men？　　Ye　shall　cease　to　count　your　thousand…pound　scalps；　the　noble　of　you　shall　cease！　　Nay；　the　very　scalps；　as　I　say；　will　not　long　be　left；　if　you　count　only　these。　　Ye　shall　cease　wholly　to　be　barbarous　vulturous　Chactaws；　and　become　noble　European　nineteenth…century　men。　　Ye　shall　know　that　Mammon；　in　never　such　gigs　and　flunky　'respectabilities'　in　not　the　alone　God；　that　of　himself　he　is　but　a　devil　and　even　a　brute…god。

〃Difficult？　　Yes；　it　will　be　difficult。　　The　short…fibre　cotton；　that；　too；　was　difficult。　　The　waste…cotton　shrub；　long　useless；　disobedient　as　the　thistle　by　the　wayside；　have　ye　not　conquered　it；　made　it　into　beautiful　bandana　webs；　white　woven　shirts　for　men；　bright　tinted　air　garments　wherein　flit　goddesses？　　Ye　have　shivered　mountains　asunder；　made　the　hard　iron　pliant　to　you　as　soft　putty；　the　forest…giants　marsh…jotunsbear　sheaves　of　golden　grain；　AEgirthe　Sea…Demon　himself　stretches　his　back　for　a　sleek　highway　to　you；　and　on　Firehorses　and　Windhorses　ye　career。　　Ye　are　most　strong。　Thor；　red…bearded；　with　his　blue　sun…eyes；　with　his　cheery　heart　and　strong　thunder…hammer；　he　and　you　have　prevailed。　　Ye　are　most　strong；　ye　Sons　of　the　icy　North；　of　the　far　East；　far　marching　from　your　rugged　Eastern　Wildernesses；　hitherward　from　the　gray　dawn　of　Time！　Ye　are　Sons　of　the　Jotun…land；　the　land　of　Difficulties　Conquered。　Difficult？　　You　must　try　this　thing。　　Once　try　it　with　the　understanding　that　it　will　and　shall　have　to　be　done。　　Try　it　as　ye　try　the　paltrier　thing；　making　of　money！　　I　will　bet　on　you　once　more；　against　all　Jotuns；　Tailor…gods；　Double…barrelled　Law…wards；　and　Denizens　of　Chaos　whatsoever！〃（〃Past　and　Present；〃　pages　236…37。）

〃A　question　arises　here：　　Whether；　in　some　ulterior；　perhaps　not　far…distant　stage　of　this　'Chivalry　of　Labour；'　your　Master…Worker　may　not　find　it　possible；　and　needful；　to　grant　his　Workers　permanent　interest　in　his　enterprise　and　theirs？　　So　that　it　become；　in　practical　result；　what　in　essential　fact　and　justice　it　ever　is；　a　joint　enterprise；　all　men；　from　the　Chief　Master　down　to　the　lowest　Overseer　and　Operative；　economically　as　well　as　loyally　concerned　for　it？　Which　question　I　do　not　answer。　　The　answer；　near　or　else　far；　is　perhaps；　Yes；　and　yet　one　knows　the　difficulties。　　Despotism　is　essential　in　most　enterprises；　I　am　told　they　do　not　tolerate　'freedom　of　debate'　on　board　a　seventy…four。　　Republican　senate　and　plebiscite　would　not　answer　well　in　cotton　mills。　　And　yet；　observe　there　too；　Freedomnot　nomad's　or　ape's　Freedom；　but　man's　Freedom；　this　is　indispensable。　　We　must　have　it；　and　will　have　it！　　To　reconcile　Despotism　with　Freedomwell；　is　that　such　a　mystery？　　Do　you　not　already　know　the　way？　　It　is　to　make　your　Despotism　just。　　Rigorous　as　Destiny；　but　just；　too；　as　Destiny　and　its　Laws。　　The　Laws　of　God；　all　men　obey　these；　and　have　no　'Freedom'　at　all　but　in　obeying　them。　The　way　is　already　known；　part　of　the　way；　and　courage　and　some　qualities　are　needed　for　walking　on　it。〃　（〃Past　and　Present　；〃　pages　241…42）

〃Not　a　May…game　is　this　man's　life；　but　a　battle　and　a　march；　a　warfare　with　principalities　and　powers。　　No　idle　promenade　through　fragrant　　orange…groves　and　green　flowery　spaces；　waited　on　by　the　choral　Muses　and　the　rosy　Hours：　　it　is　a　stern　pilgrimage　through　burning　sandy　solitudes；　through　regions　of　thick…ribbed　ice。　　He　walks　among　men；　loves　men；　with　inexpressible　soft　pity；　as　they　cannot　love　him；　but　his　soul　dwells　in　solitude　in　the　uttermost　parts　of　creation。　In　green　oases　by　the　palm…tree　wells　he　rests　a　space；　but　anon　he　has　to　journey　forward；　escorted　by　the　Terrors　and　the　Splendours；　the　Archdemons　and　Archangels。　　All　Heaven；　all　Pandemonium　are　his　escort。　The　stars　keen…glancing　from　the　Immensities　send　tidings　to　him；　the　graves；　silent　with　their　dead；　from　the　Eternities。　Deep　calls　for　him　unto　Deep。〃（〃Past　and　Present；〃　page　249。）



THE　CATHOLIC　CHURCH　AND　THE　SOCIAL　QUESTION。

The　Rev。　Dr。　Barry　read　a　paper　at　the　Catholic　Conference　on　June　30th；　1890；　from　which　I　take　the　following　extracts　as　illustrative　of　the　rising　feeling　of　this　subject　in　the　Catholic　Church。　　The　Rev。　Dr。　Barry　began　by　defining　the　proletariat　as　those　who　have　only　one　possessiontheir　labour。　　Those　who　have　no　land；　and　no　stake　in　the　land；　no　house；　and　no　home　except　the　few　sticks　of　furniture　they　significantly　call　by　the　name；　no　right　to　employment；　but　at　the　most　a　right　to　poor　relief；　and　who；　until　the　last　20　years；　had　not　even　a　right　to　be　educated　unless　by　the　charity　of　their　〃betters。〃　　The　class　which；　without　figure　of　speech　or　flights　of　rhetoric；　is　homeless；　landless；　property　less　in　our　chief　cities　that　I　call　the　proletariat。　　Of　the　proletariat　he　declared　there　were　hundreds　of　thousands　growing　up　outside　the　pale　of　all　churches。

He　continued：　　For　it　is　frightfully　evident　that　Christianity　has　not　kept　pace　with　the　population；　that　it　has　lagged　terribly　behind；　that；　in　plain　words；　we　have　in　our　midst　a　nation　of　heathens　to　whom　the