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in darkest england and the way out-及6准

弌傍 in darkest england and the way out 忖方 耽匈4000忖

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But let us suppose that the East London rate is double the average for the rest of the country。  That would bring out the following figures

 HOUSELESS                                      East London。   United Kingdom。

 Loafers察Casuals察and some Criminals   11000         165500

 STARVING  Casual earnings or chronic want 。。    100000       1550000

 Total Houseless and Starving 。。       111000       1715500

 In Workhouses察Asylums察&c。   。。       17000         190000                                                                                      128000       1905500


Of those returned as homeless and starving察870000 were in receipt of outdoor relief。  To these must be added the inmates of our prisons。 In 1889 174779 persons were received in the prisons察but the average number in prison at any one time did not exceed 60000。  The figures察as given in the Prison Returns察are as follows此

 In Convict Prisons 。。  。。  。。  。。  。。   11600  In Local Prisons。。 。。  。。  。。  。。  。。   20883  In Reformatories。。 。。  。。  。。  。。  。。    1270  In Industrial Schools  。。  。。  。。  。。   21413  Criminal Lunatics  。。  。。  。。  。。  。。      910                                         ´                                          56136

Add to this the number of indoor paupers and lunatics excluding criminals 78966and we have an army of nearly two million此belonging to the submerged classes。  To this there must be added at the very least察another million察representing those dependent upon the criminal察lunatic and other classes察not enumerated here察and the more or less helpless of the class immediately above the houseless and starving。  This brings my total to three millions察or察to put it roughly to one´tenth of the population。  According to Lord Brabazon and Mr。 Samuel Smith察 between two and three millions of our population are always pauperised and degraded。;  Mr。 Chamberlain says there is a ;population equal to that of the metropolisthat is察between four and five millions;which has remained constantly in a state of abject destitution and misery。;  Mr。 Giffen is more moderate。 The submerged class察according to him察comprises one in five of manual labourers察six in 100 of the population。  Mr。 Giffen does not add the third million which is living on the border line。 Between Mr Chamberlain's four millions and a half察and Mr。 Giffen's 1800000 I am content to take three millions as representing the total strength of the destitute army。

Darkest England察then察may be said to have a population about equal to that of Scotland。  Three million men察women察and children a vast despairing multitude in a condition nominally free察but really enslavedthese it is whom we have to save。

It is a large order。  England emancipated her negroes sixty years ago察at a cost of #40000000察and has never ceased boasting about it since。 But at our own doors察from ;Plymouth to Peterhead察─stretches this waste Continent of humanitythree million human beings who are enslavedsome of them to taskmasters as merciless as any West Indian overseer察all of them to destitution and despair

Is anything to be done with them拭 Can anything be done for them拭Or is this million´headed mass to be regarded as offering a problem as insoluble as that of the London sewage察which察feculent and festering察swings heavily up and down the basin of the Thames with the ebb and flow of the tide

This Submerged Tenthis it察then察beyond the reach of the nine´tenths in the midst of whom they live察and around whose homes they rot and die拭 No doubt察in every large mass of human beings there will be some incurably diseased in morals and in body察some for whom nothing can be done察some of whom even the optimist must despair察and for whom he can prescribe nothing but the beneficently stern restraints of an asylum or a gaol。

But is not one in ten a proportion scandalously high拭The Israelites of old set apart one tribe in twelve to minister to the Lord in the service of the Temple察but must we doom one in ten of ;God's Englishmen; to the service of the great Twin Devils Destitution and Despair


CHAPTER 3。  THE HOMELESS

Darkest England may be described as consisting broadly of three circles察one within the other。  The outer and widest circle is inhabited by the starving and the homeless察but honest察Poor。 The second by those who live by Vice察and the third and innermost region at the centre is peopled by those who exist by Crime。  The whole of the three circles is sodden with Drink。  Darkest England has many more public´houses than the Forest of the Aruwimi has rivers察of which Mr。 Stanley sometimes had to cross three in half´an´hour。

The borders of this great lost land are not sharply defined。  They are continually expanding or contracting。  Whenever there is a period of depression in trade察they stretch察when prosperity returns察they contract。  So far as individuals are concerned察there are none among the hundreds of thousands who live upon the outskirts of the dark forest who can truly say that they or their children are secure from being hopelessly entangled in its labyrinth。  The death of the bread´winner察a long illness察a failure in the City察or any one of a thousand other causes which might be named察will bring within the first circle those who at present imagine themselves free from all danger of actual want。  The death´rate in Darkest England is high。  Death is the great gaol´deliverer of the captives。  But the dead are hardly in the grave before their places are taken by others。  Some escape察but the majority察their health sapped by their surroundings察become weaker and weaker察until at last they fall by the way察perishing without hope at the very doors of the palatial mansions which察maybe察some of them helped to build。

Some seven years ago a great outcry was made concerning the Housing of the Poor。  Much was said察and rightly saidit could not be said too stronglyconcerning the disease´breeding察manhood´destroying character of many of the tenements in which the poor herd in our large cities。  But there is a depth below that of the dweller in the slums。 It is that of the dweller in the street察who has not even a lair in the slums which he can call his own。  The houseless Out´of´Work is in one respect at least like Him of whom it was said察 Foxes have holes察and birds of the air have nests察but the Son of Man hath not where to lay His head。;

The existence of these unfortunates was somewhat rudely forced upon the attention of Society in 1887察when Trafalgar Square became the camping ground of the Homeless Outcasts of London。  Our Shelters have done something察but not enough察to provide for the outcasts察who this night and every night are walking about the streets察not knowing where they can find a spot on which to rest their weary frames。

Here is the return of one of my Officers who was told off this summer to report upon the actual condition of the Homeless who have no roof to shelter them in all London此

There are still a large number of Londoners and a considerable percentage of wanderers from the country in search of work察who find themselves at nightfall destitute。  These now betake themselves to the seats under the plane trees on the Embankment。  Formerly they endeavoured to occupy all the seats察but the lynx´eyed Metropolitan Police declined to allow any such proceedings察and the dossers察knowing the invariable kindness of the City Police察made tracks for that portion of the Embankment which察lying east of the Temple察comes under the control of the Civic Fathers。  Here察between the Temple and Blackfriars察I found the poor wretches by the score察almost every seat contained its full complement of sixsome men察some womenall reclining in various postures and nearly all fast asleep。  Just as Big Ben strikes two察the moon察flashing across the Thames and lighting up the stone work of the Embankment察brings into relief a pitiable spectacle。   Here on the stone abutments察which afford a slight protection from the biting wind察are scores of men lying side by side察huddled together for warmth察and察of course察without any other covering than their ordinary clothing察which is scanty enough at the best。  Some have laid down a few pieces of waste paper察by way of taking the chill off the stones察but the majority are too tired察even for that察and the nightly toilet of most consists of first removing the hat察swathing the head in whatever old rag may be doing duty as a handkerchief察and then replacing the hat。

The intelligent´looking elderly man察who was just fixing himself up on a seat察informed me that he frequently made that his night's abode。 ;You see察─quoth he察 there's nowhere else so comfortable。  I was here last night察and Monday and Tuesday as well察that's four nights this week。  I had no money for lodgings察couldn't earn any察try as I might。 I've had one bit of bread to´day nothing else whatever察and I've earned nothing to´day or yesterday察I had threepence the day before。  Gets my living by carrying parcels察or minding horses察or odd jobs of that sort。  You see I haven't got my health察that's where it is。  I used to work on the London General Omnibus Company and after that on the Road Car Company察but I had to go to the in

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