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in darkest england and the way out-及5准

弌傍 in darkest england and the way out 忖方 耽匈4000忖

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 helpful suggestion which they may utilise hereafter。  What察then察is Darkest England拭 For whom do we claim that ;urgency; which gives their case priority over that of all other sections of their countrymen and countrywomen

I claim it for the Lost察for the Outcast察for the Disinherited of the World。

These察it may be said察are but phrases。  Who are the Lost拭reply察not in a religious察but in a social sense察the lost are those who have gone under察who have lost their foothold in Society察those to whom the prayer to our Heavenly Father察 Give us day by day our daily bread察─is either unfulfilled察or only fulfilled by the Devil's agency此 by the earnings of vice察the proceeds of crime察or the contribution enforced by the threat of the law。

But I will be more precise。  The denizens in Darkest England察for whom I appeal察are 1 those who察having no capital or income of their own察would in a month be dead from sheer starvation were they exclusively dependent upon the money earned by their own work察and 2 those who by their utmost exertions are unable to attain the regulation allowance of food which the law prescribes as indispensable even for the worst criminals in our gaols。

I sorrowfully admit that it would be Utopian in our present social arrangements to dream of attaining for every honest Englishman a gaol standard of all the necessaries of life。  Some time察perhaps察we may venture to hope that every honest worker on English soil will always be as warmly clad察as healthily housed察and as regularly fed as our criminal convictsbut that is not yet。

Neither is it possible to hope for many years to come that human beings generally will be as well cared for as horses。  Mr。 Carlyle long ago remarked that the four´footed worker has already got all that this two´handed one is clamouring for此  There are not many horses in England察able and willing to work察which have not due food and lodging and go about sleek coated察satisfied in heart。;  You say it is impossible察but察said Carlyle察 The human brain察looking at these sleek English horses察refuses to believe in such impossibility for English men。;  Nevertheless察forty years have passed since Carlyle said that察and we seem to be no nearer the attainment of the four´footed standard for the two´handed worker。  ;Perhaps it might be nearer realisation察─growls the cynic察 if we could only product men according to demand察as we do horses察and promptly send them to the slaughter´house when past their prime;which察of course察is not to be thought of。

What察then察is the standard towards which we may venture to aim with some prospect of realisation in our time拭 It is a very humble one察but if realised it would solve the worst problems of modern Society。  It is the standard of the London Cab Horse。  When in the streets of London a Cab Horse察weary or careless or stupid察trips and falls and lies stretched out in the midst of the traffic there is no question of debating how he came to stumble before we try to get him on his legs again。  The Cab Horse is a very real illustration of poor broken´down humanity察he usually falls down because of overwork and underfeeding。 If you put him on his feet without altering his conditions察it would only be to give him another dose of agony察but first of all you'll have to pick him up again。  It may have been through overwork or underfeeding察or it may have been all his own fault that he has broken his knees and smashed the shafts察but that does not matter。  If not for his own sake察then merely in order to prevent an obstruction of the traffic察all attention is concentrated upon the question of how we are to get him on his legs again。  Tin load is taken off察the harness is unbuckled察or察if need be察cut察and everything is done to help him up。 Then he is put in the shafts again and once more restored to his regular round of work。  That is the first point。  The second is that every Cab Horse in London has three things察a shelter for the night察food for its stomach察and work allotted to it by which it can earn its corn。

These are the two points of the Cab Horse's Charter。  When he is down he is helped up察and while he lives he has food察shelter and work。 That察although a humble standard察is at present absolutely unattainable by millionsliterally by millionsof our fellow´men and women in this country。  Can the Cab Horse Charter be gained for human beings拭I answer察yes。  The Cab Horse standard can be attained on the Cab Horse terms。  If you get your fallen fellow on his feet again察Docility and Discipline will enable you to reach the Cab Horse ideal察otherwise it will remain unattainable。  But Docility seldom fails where Discipline is intelligently maintained。  Intelligence is more frequently lacking to direct than obedience to follow direction。  At any rate it is not for those who possess the intelligence to despair of obedience察until they have done their part。  Some察no doubt察like the bucking horse that will never be broken in察will always refuse to submit to any guidance but their own lawless will。  They will remain either the Ishmaels or the Sloths of Society。  But man is naturally neither an Ishmael nor a Sloth。

The first question察then察which confronts us is察what are the dimensions of the Evil拭 How many of our fellow´men dwell in this Darkest England拭 How can we take the census of those who have fallen below the Cab Horse standard to which it is our aim to elevate the most wretched of our countrymen

The moment you attempt to answer this question察you are confronted by the fact that the Social Problem has scarcely been studied at all scientifically。  Go to Mudie's and ask for all the books that have been written on the subject察and you will be surprised to find how few there are。  There are probably more scientific books treating of diabetes or of gout than there are dealing with the great social malady which eats out the vitals of such numbers of our people。  Of late there has been a change for the better。  The Report of the Royal Commission on the Housing of the Poor察and the Report of the Committee of the House of Lords on Sweating察represent an attempt at least to ascertain the facts which bear upon the Condition of the People question。  But察after all察more minute察patient察intelligent observation has been devoted to the study of Earthworms察than to the evolution察or rather the degradation察of the Sunken Section of our people。  Here and there in the immense field individual workers make notes察and occasionally emit a wail of despair察but where is there any attempt even so much as to take the first preliminary step of counting those who have gone under拭 One book there is察and so far as I know at present察only one察which even attempts to enumerate the destitute。  In his ;Life and Labour in the East of London察─Mr。 Charles Booth attempts to form some kind of an idea as to the numbers of those with whom we have to deal。  With a large staff of assistants察and provided with all the facts in possession of the School Board Visitors察Mr。 Booth took an industrial census of East London。  This district察which comprises Tower Hamlets察Shoreditch察Bethnal Green and Hackney察contains a population of 908000察that is to say察less than one´fourth of the population of London。  How do his statistics work out拭 If we estimate the number of the poorest class in the rest of London as being twice as numerous as those in the Eastern District察instead of being thrice as numerous察as they would be if they were calculated according to the population in the same proportion察the following is the result

 PAUPERS  Inmates of Workhouses察Asylums察        and Hospitals 。。  。。  。。   17000      34000       51000

 HOMELESS  Loafers察Casuals察     and some Criminals  。。   。。   11000      22000       33000

 STARVING  Casual earnings between   18s。 per week and chronic want  100000     200000      300000

 THE VERY POOR。  Intermittent earnings   18s。 to 21s。 per week  。。   。。   74000     148000      222000

 Small regular earnings   18s。to 21s。 per week    。。  。。  129000     258000      387000                                   ´     ´      ´                                   331000     662000      993000


 Regular wages察artizans察etc。察  22s。 to 30s。 per week   。。  。。  337000

 Higher class labour察  30s。 to 50s。 per week 。。  。。  121000

 Lower middle class察   shopkeepers察clerks察etc。  。。   34000

 Upper middle class    servant keepers 。。  。。  。。    45000                                   ´                                   908000 It may be admitted that East London affords an exceptionally bad district from which to generalise for the rest of the country。 Wages are higher in London than elsewhere察but so is rent察and the number of the homeless and starving is greater in the human warren at the East End。  There are 31 millions of people in Great Britain察exclusive of Ireland。  If destitution existed everywhere in East London proportions察there would be 31 times as many homeless and starving people as there are in the district round Bethnal Green。

But let us suppose that the East London rate is double the average for the rest of the country。  That would bring out the following figures

 HOUSELESS                     

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