on horsemanship(楠瀧宝)-及1准
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On Horsemanship
On Horsemanship
By Xenophon
Translation by H。 G。 Dakyns
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On Horsemanship
I
Claiming to have attained some proficiency in horsemanship1А
ourselves察 as the result of long experience in the field察 our wish is to
explain察for the benefit of our younger friends察what we conceive to be the
most correct method of dealing with horses。
1А Lit。 ;Since察 through the accident of having for a long time
'ridden' ourselves察 we believe we have become proficients in
horsemanship察 we wish to show to our younger friends how察 as we
conceive the matter察they will proceed most correctly in dealing with
horses。; ippeuein in the case of Xenophon = serve as a ippeus察
whether technically as an Athenian ;knight; or more particularly in
reference to his organisation of a troop of cavalry during ;the retreat;
─Anab。; III。 iii。 8´20察and察as is commonly believed察while serving
under Agesilaus ─Hell。; III。 iv。 14 in Asia察396察395 B。C。
There is察it is true察a treatise on horsemanship written by Simon察the
same who dedicated the bronze horse near the Eleusinion in Athens2А
with a representation of his exploits engraved in relief on the pedestal。3А
But we shall not on that account expunge from our treatise any
conclusions in which we happen to agree with that author察on the contrary
we shall hand them on with still greater pleasure to our friends察 in the
belief that we shall only gain in authority from the fact that so great an
expert in horsemanship held similar views to our own察whilst with regard
to matters omitted in his treatise察we shall endeavour to supply them。
2А L。 Dind。 in AthensА The Eleusinion。 For the position of this
sanctuary of Demeter and Kore see Leake察 Top。 of Athens察─ i。 p。
296 foll。 For Simon see Sauppe察vol。 v。 Praef。 to ;de R。 E。; p。 230察L。
Dind。 Praef。 ;Xen。 Opusc。; p。 xx。察Dr。 Morris H。 Morgan察 The Art
of Horsemanship by Xenophon察─p。 119 foll。 A fragment of the work
referred to察。peri eidous kai ekloges ippon察exists。 The MS。 is in the
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On Horsemanship
library of Emmanual Coll。 Cant。 It so happens that one of the
hipparchs ┌殖 appealed to by Demosthenes in Arist。 ;Knights察─242察
andres ippes察paragenesthe nun o kairos察o Simon察o Panaiti察ouk elate
pros to dexion keras察
bears the name。
3А Lit。 ;and carved on the pedestal a representation of his own
performances。;
As our first topic we shall deal with the question察how a man may best
avoid being cheated in the purchase of a horse。 Take the case of a foal as
yet unbroken此 it is plain that our scrutiny must begin with the body察 an
animal that has never yet been mounted can but present the vaguest
indications of spirit。 Confining ourselves therefore to the body察 the first
point to examine察we maintain察will be the feet。 Just as a house would be
of little use察 however beautiful its upper stories察 if the underlying
foundations were not what they ought to be察 so there is little use to be
extracted from a horse察and in particular a war´horse撮4Аif unsound in his
feet察however excellent his other points察since he could not turn a single
one of them to good account。5А
4А Or察 and that a charger察 we will suppose。; For the simile see
;Mem。; III。 i。 7。
5АCf。 Hor。 ;Sat。; I。 ii。 86此
regibus hic mos est此 ubi equos mercantur察 opertos inspiciunt察 ne察 si
facies察 ut saepe察 decora molli fulta pede est察 emptorem inducat hiantem察
quod pulchrae clunes察breve quod caput察ardua cervix。
and see Virg。 ;Georg。; iii。 72 foll。
In testing the feet the first thing to examine will be the horny portion
of the hoof。 For soundness of foot a thick horn is far better than a thin。
Again it is important to notice whether the hoofs are high both before and
behind察or flat to the ground察for a high hoof keeps the ;frog察┌6Аas it is
called察 well off the ground察 whereas a low hoof treads equally with the
stoutest and softest part of the foot alike察 the gait resembling that of a
bandy´legged man。7А You may tell a good foot clearly by the ring察─says
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On Horsemanship
Simon happily撮8Аfor the hollow hoof rings like a cymbal against the solid
earth。9А
6АLit。 ;the swallow。;
7А Al。 ;a knock´kneed person。; See Stonehenge察 The Horse; ed。
1892察pp。 3察9。
8АOr察 and he is right。;
9АCf。 Virg。 ;Georg。; iii。 88察Hor。 ;Epod。; xvi。 12。
And now that we have begun with the feet察 let us ascend from this
point to the rest of the body。 The bones10Аabove the hoof and below the
fetlock must not be too straight察 like those of a goat察 through not being
properly elastic撮11Аlegs of this type will jar the rider察and are more liable
to become inflamed。 On the other hand察these bones must not be too low察
or else the fetlock will be abraded or lacerated when the horse is galloped
over clods and stones。
10А i。e。 ;the pasterns ┌mesokunia and the coffin should be
'sloping。';
11А Or察 being too inflexible。; Lit。 ;giving blow for blow察 overuch
like anvil to hammer。;
The bones of the shanks12Аought to be thick察being as they are the
columns on which the body rests察thick in themselves察that is察not puffed
out with veins or flesh察 or else in riding over hard ground they will
inevitably be surcharged with blood察and varicose conditions be set up撮13А
the legs becoming thick and puffy察whilst the skin recedes察and with this
loosening of the skin the back sinew14Аis very apt to start and render the
horse lame。
12Аi。e。 ;the metacarpals and metatarsals。;
13А Or察 and become varicose察 with the result that the shanks swell
whilst the skin recedes from the bone。;
14А Or察 suspensory ligament;拭 Possibly Xenophon's anatomy is
wrong察 and he mistook the back sinew for a bone like the fibula。 The
part in question might intelligibly enough察 if not technically察 be
termed perone察being of the brooch´pin order。
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On Horsemanship
If the young horse in walking bends his knees flexibly察you may safely
conjecture that when he comes to be ridden he will have flexible legs察
since the quality of suppleness invariably increases with age。15АSupple
knees are highly esteemed and with good reason察rendering as they do the
horse less liable to stumble or break down from fatigue than those of
stiffer build。
15АLit。 ;all horses bend their legs more flexibly as time advances。;
Coming to the thighs below the shoulder´blades撮16Аor arms察these if
thick and muscular present a stronger and handsomer appearance察just as
in the case of a human being。 Again察a comparatively broad chest is better
alike for strength and beauty察 and better adapted to carry the legs well
asunder察so that they will not overlap and interfere with one another。 Again察
the neck should not be set on dropping forward from the chest察 like a
boar's察but察like that of a game´cock rather察it should shoot upwards to the
crest察and be slack17Аalong the curvature察whilst the head should be bony
and the jawbone small。 In this way the neck will be well in front of the
rider察and the eye will command what lies before the horse's feet。 A horse察
moreover察