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                            On Horsemanship 



On Horsemanship 



                        By Xenophon 

        Translation by H。 G。 Dakyns 



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                                        On Horsemanship 



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     Claiming      to   have    attained    some    proficiency      in  horsemanship1А

ourselves察  as   the   result   of   long   experience   in   the   field察  our   wish   is   to 

explain察for the benefit of our younger friends察what we conceive to be the 

most correct method of dealing with horses。 

     1А  Lit。   ;Since察  through     the   accident    of  having    for   a  long    time 

'ridden'     ourselves察     we    believe     we     have     become      proficients     in 

horsemanship察       we   wish    to  show    to  our   younger     friends   how察   as  we 

conceive the matter察they will proceed most correctly in dealing                       with 

horses。; ippeuein in the case of Xenophon = serve as a                         ippeus察

whether technically as an Athenian ;knight; or more                        particularly in 

reference to his organisation of a troop of                cavalry during ;the retreat; 

─Anab。; III。 iii。 8´20察and察as is             commonly believed察while serving 

under Agesilaus ─Hell。; III。 iv。              14 in Asia察396察395 B。C。 

     There is察it is true察a treatise on horsemanship written by Simon察the 

same   who   dedicated   the   bronze   horse   near   the   Eleusinion   in   Athens2А

with a representation of his exploits engraved in relief on the pedestal。3А

But     we   shall   not   on    that   account    expunge      from    our   treatise   any 

conclusions in which we happen to agree with that author察on the contrary 

we   shall   hand   them   on   with   still   greater   pleasure   to   our   friends察  in   the 

belief that   we   shall only gain   in   authority  from  the fact that so great   an 

expert in horsemanship held similar views to our own察whilst with regard 

to matters omitted in his treatise察we shall endeavour to supply them。 

     2А  L。   Dind。   in   AthensА   The   Eleusinion。     For   the   position   of  this 

sanctuary      of  Demeter      and   Kore    see   Leake察    Top。    of  Athens察─    i。  p。 

296 foll。 For Simon see Sauppe察vol。 v。 Praef。 to ;de R。 E。; p。                     230察L。 

Dind。 Praef。 ;Xen。 Opusc。; p。 xx。察Dr。 Morris H。 Morgan察                          The Art 

of Horsemanship by Xenophon察─p。 119 foll。 A fragment of                          the work 

referred to察。peri eidous kai ekloges ippon察exists。 The                    MS。 is in the 



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library     of  Emmanual        Coll。   Cant。    It  so  happens      that         one    of   the 

hipparchs ┌殖 appealed to by Demosthenes in Arist。                         ;Knights察─242察

     andres ippes察paragenesthe nun o kairos察o Simon察o Panaiti察ouk elate 

pros to dexion keras察

     bears the name。 

     3А   Lit。  ;and    carved    on   the   pedestal     a  representation      of   his  own 

performances。; 

     As our first topic we shall deal with the question察how a man may best 

avoid being cheated in the purchase of a horse。                  Take the case of a foal as 

yet   unbroken此  it   is   plain   that   our   scrutiny   must   begin   with   the   body察  an 

animal      that  has   never    yet   been    mounted      can   but   present    the   vaguest 

indications   of   spirit。   Confining   ourselves   therefore   to   the   body察  the   first 

point to examine察we maintain察will be the feet。 Just as a house would be 

of    little  use察  however       beautiful    its  upper     stories察  if  the    underlying 

foundations   were   not   what   they   ought   to   be察  so   there   is   little   use   to   be 

extracted from a horse察and in particular a war´horse撮4Аif unsound in his 

feet察however excellent his other points察since he could not turn a single 

one of them to good account。5А

     4А   Or察  and    that   a  charger察   we   will   suppose。;     For   the   simile    see 

;Mem。; III。 i。 7。 

     5АCf。 Hor。 ;Sat。; I。 ii。 86此

     regibus   hic   mos   est此  ubi   equos   mercantur察  opertos   inspiciunt察  ne察  si 

facies察  ut   saepe察  decora   molli   fulta   pede   est察  emptorem  inducat   hiantem察

quod pulchrae clunes察breve quod caput察ardua cervix。 

     and see Virg。 ;Georg。; iii。 72 foll。 

     In testing the feet the first thing to examine will be the horny portion 

of the hoof。  For soundness   of foot   a thick   horn is   far better than a  thin。 

Again it is important to notice whether the hoofs are high both before and 

behind察or flat to the ground察for a high hoof keeps the ;frog察┌6Аas it is 

called察  well   off   the   ground察  whereas   a   low   hoof   treads   equally   with   the 

stoutest   and   softest   part   of   the   foot   alike察  the   gait   resembling   that   of   a 

bandy´legged man。7А You may tell a good foot clearly by the ring察─says 



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Simon happily撮8Аfor the hollow hoof rings like a cymbal against the solid 

earth。9А

     6АLit。 ;the swallow。; 

     7А  Al。   ;a   knock´kneed   person。;   See   Stonehenge察   The   Horse;   ed。 

1892察pp。 3察9。 

     8АOr察 and he is right。; 

     9АCf。 Virg。 ;Georg。; iii。 88察Hor。 ;Epod。; xvi。 12。 

     And   now   that   we   have   begun   with   the   feet察  let   us   ascend   from   this 

point to the rest of the body。 The bones10Аabove the hoof and below the 

fetlock   must   not   be   too   straight察  like those   of   a   goat察  through   not   being 

properly elastic撮11Аlegs of this type will jar the rider察and are more liable 

to become inflamed。 On the other hand察these bones must not be too low察

or else the fetlock will be abraded or lacerated when the horse is galloped 

over clods and stones。 

     10А    i。e。  ;the   pasterns     ┌mesokunia        and   the    coffin   should     be 

'sloping。'; 

     11А  Or察   being   too   inflexible。;   Lit。   ;giving   blow   for   blow察  overuch 

like anvil to hammer。; 

     The bones of the shanks12Аought to be thick察being as they are the 

columns on which the body rests察thick in themselves察that is察not puffed 

out   with   veins   or    flesh察  or   else  in   riding   over  hard   ground   they   will 

inevitably be surcharged with blood察and varicose conditions be set up撮13А

the legs becoming thick and puffy察whilst the skin recedes察and with this 

loosening of the skin the back sinew14Аis very apt to start and render the 

horse lame。 

     12Аi。e。 ;the metacarpals and metatarsals。; 

     13А Or察   and   become   varicose察  with   the   result   that   the   shanks   swell 

whilst the skin recedes from the bone。; 

     14А   Or察   suspensory       ligament;拭    Possibly     Xenophon's       anatomy      is 

wrong察          and he mistook the back sinew for a bone like the fibula。 The 

part         in    question    might    intelligibly    enough察    if  not  technically察    be 

termed perone察being of the brooch´pin order。 



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     If the young horse in walking bends his knees flexibly察you may safely 

conjecture   that   when   he   comes   to   be   ridden   he   will   have   flexible   legs察

since the quality of suppleness invariably increases with age。15АSupple 

knees are highly esteemed and with good reason察rendering as they do the 

horse   less   liable   to   stumble   or   break   down   from   fatigue   than   those   of 

stiffer build。 

     15АLit。 ;all horses bend their legs more flexibly as time advances。; 

     Coming to the thighs below the shoulder´blades撮16Аor arms察these if 

thick and muscular present a stronger and handsomer appearance察just as 

in the case of a human being。 Again察a comparatively broad chest is better 

alike   for   strength   and   beauty察  and   better   adapted   to   carry   the   legs   well 

asunder察so that they will not overlap and interfere with one another。 Again察

the   neck   should   not   be   set   on   dropping   forward   from   the   chest察  like   a 

boar's察but察like that of a game´cock rather察it should shoot upwards to the 

crest察and be slack17Аalong the curvature察whilst the head should be bony 

and the jawbone small。 In this way the neck will be well in front of the 

rider察and the eye will command what lies before the horse's feet。 A horse察

moreover察 

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