heretics-第29节
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immeasurably worse ethics and politics; immeasurably worse vital
rendering of aristocracy and humanity as they really are。
From such books as those of which I wish now to speak we can
discover what a clever man can do with the idea of aristocracy。
But from the Family Herald Supplement literature we can learn
what the idea of aristocracy can do with a man who is not clever。
And when we know that we know English history。
This new aristocratic fiction must have caught the attention of
everybody who has read the best fiction for the last fifteen years。
It is that genuine or alleged literature of the Smart Set which
represents that set as distinguished; not only by smart dresses;
but by smart sayings。 To the bad baronet; to the good baronet;
to the romantic and misunderstood baronet who is supposed to be a
bad baronet; but is a good baronet; this school has added a conception
undreamed of in the former yearsthe conception of an amusing baronet。
The aristocrat is not merely to be taller than mortal men
and stronger and handsomer; he is also to be more witty。
He is the long man with the short epigram。 Many eminent;
and deservedly eminent; modern novelists must accept some
responsibility for having supported this worst form of snobbishness
an intellectual snobbishness。 The talented author of 〃Dodo〃 is
responsible for having in some sense created the fashion as a fashion。
Mr。 Hichens; in the 〃Green Carnation;〃 reaffirmed the strange idea
that young noblemen talk well; though his case had some vague
biographical foundation; and in consequence an excuse。 Mrs。 Craigie
is considerably guilty in the matter; although; or rather because;
she has combined the aristocratic note with a note of some moral
and even religious sincerity。 When you are saving a man's soul;
even in a novel; it is indecent to mention that he is a gentleman。
Nor can blame in this matter be altogether removed from a man of much
greater ability; and a man who has proved his possession of the highest
of human instinct; the romantic instinctI mean Mr。 Anthony Hope。
In a galloping; impossible melodrama like 〃The Prisoner of Zenda;〃
the blood of kings fanned an excellent fantastic thread or theme。
But the blood of kings is not a thing that can be taken seriously。
And when; for example; Mr。 Hope devotes so much serious and sympathetic
study to the man called Tristram of Blent; a man who throughout burning
boyhood thought of nothing but a silly old estate; we feel even in
Mr。 Hope the hint of this excessive concern about the oligarchic idea。
It is hard for any ordinary person to feel so much interest in a
young man whose whole aim is to own the house of Blent at the time
when every other young man is owning the stars。
Mr。 Hope; however; is a very mild case; and in him there is not
only an element of romance; but also a fine element of irony
which warns us against taking all this elegance too seriously。
Above all; he shows his sense in not making his noblemen so incredibly
equipped with impromptu repartee。 This habit of insisting on
the wit of the wealthier classes is the last and most servile
of all the servilities。 It is; as I have said; immeasurably more
contemptible than the snobbishness of the novelette which describes
the nobleman as smiling like an Apollo or riding a mad elephant。
These may be exaggerations of beauty and courage; but beauty and courage
are the unconscious ideals of aristocrats; even of stupid aristocrats。
The nobleman of the novelette may not be sketched with any very close
or conscientious attention to the daily habits of noblemen。 But he is
something more important than a reality; he is a practical ideal。
The gentleman of fiction may not copy the gentleman of real life;
but the gentleman of real life is copying the gentleman of fiction。
He may not be particularly good…looking; but he would rather be
good…looking than anything else; he may not have ridden on a mad elephant;
but he rides a pony as far as possible with an air as if he had。
And; upon the whole; the upper class not only especially desire
these qualities of beauty and courage; but in some degree;
at any rate; especially possess them。 Thus there is nothing really
mean or sycophantic about the popular literature which makes all its
marquises seven feet high。 It is snobbish; but it is not servile。
Its exaggeration is based on an exuberant and honest admiration;
its honest admiration is based upon something which is in some degree;
at any rate; really there。 The English lower classes do not
fear the English upper classes in the least; nobody could。
They simply and freely and sentimentally worship them。
The strength of the aristocracy is not in the aristocracy at all;
it is in the slums。 It is not in the House of Lords; it is not
in the Civil Service; it is not in the Government offices; it is not
even in the huge and disproportionate monopoly of the English land。
It is in a certain spirit。 It is in the fact that when a navvy
wishes to praise a man; it comes readily to his tongue to say
that he has behaved like a gentleman。 From a democratic point
of view he might as well say that he had behaved like a viscount。
The oligarchic character of the modern English commonwealth does not rest;
like many oligarchies; on the cruelty of the rich to the poor。
It does not even rest on the kindness of the rich to the poor。
It rests on the perennial and unfailing kindness of the poor
to the rich。
The snobbishness of bad literature; then; is not servile; but the
snobbishness of good literature is servile。 The old…fashioned halfpenny
romance where the duchesses sparkled with diamonds was not servile;
but the new romance where they sparkle with epigrams is servile。
For in thus attributing a special and startling degree of intellect
and conversational or controversial power to the upper classes;
we are attributing something which is not especially their virtue
or even especially their aim。 We are; in the words of Disraeli
(who; being a genius and not a gentleman; has perhaps primarily
to answer for the introduction of this method of flattering
the gentry); we are performing the essential function of flattery
which is flattering the people for the qualities they have not got。
Praise may be gigantic and insane without having any quality
of flattery so long as it is praise of something that is noticeably
in existence。 A man may say that a giraffe's head strikes
the stars; or that a whale fills the German Ocean; and still
be only in a rather excited state about a favourite animal。
But when he begins to congratulate the giraffe on his feathers;
and the whale on the elegance of his legs; we find ourselves
confronted with that social element which we call flattery。
The middle and lower orders of London can sincerely; though not
perhaps safely; admire the health and grace of the English aristocracy。
And this for the very simple reason that the aristocrats are;
upon the whole; more healthy and graceful than the poor。
But they cannot honestly admire the wit of the aristocrats。
And this for the simple reason that the aristocrats are not more witty
than the poor; but a very great deal less so。 A man does not hear;
as in the smart novels; these gems of verbal felicity dropped between
diplomatists at dinner。 Where he really does hear them is between
two omnibus conductors in a block in Holborn。 The witty peer whose
impromptus fill the books of Mrs。 Craigie or Miss Fowler; would;
as a matter of fact; be torn to shreds in the art of conversation
by the first boot…black he had the misfortune to fall foul of。
The poor are merely sentimental; and very excusably sentimental;
if they praise the gentleman for having a ready hand and ready money。
But they are strictly slaves and sycophants if they praise him
for having a ready tongue。 For that they have far more themselves。
The element of oligarchical sentiment in these novels;
however; has; I think; another and subtler aspect; an aspect
more difficult to understand and more worth understanding。
The modern gentleman; particularly the modern English gentleman;
has become so central and important in these books; and through
them in the whole of our current literature and our current mode
of thought; that certain qualities of his; whether original or recent;
essential or accidental; have altered the quality of our English comedy。
In particular; that sto